RESUMO
Purpose: Muscles play an important role in energy metabolism. Several studies have investigated the association between muscle mass and metabolic syndrome (MetS), reporting conflicting results. However, studies concerning the association between muscle strength and MetS are limited. We aimed to investigate the association between relative handgrip strength (HGS) and MetS in Korean adults. Participants and methods: We analyzed data from 5,014 Korean adults aged ≥20 years (2,472 men and 2,542 women) who participated in the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) VI (2014-2015). Results: The increasing quartiles of relative HGS (defined as the sum of both hands' HGS divided by body mass index) were inversely associated with the risk of MetS in both men and women (OR, 0.37; 95% CI, 0.30-0.45, vs OR, 0.19; 95% CI, 0.14-0.27, respectively) after multivariable adjustment for age, region of residence, smoking status, heavy alcohol consumption, regular exercise, family income, and education level. On multivariable logistic regression analyses, participants with the highest relative HGS had a significant decrease in relative risk of MetS, compared with those with the lowest relative HGS. The multivariable-adjusted ORs (with 95% CIs) for MetS in quartiles 1, 2, 3, and 4 were 1.00, 0.72 (0.55-0.94), 0.34 (0.26-0.46), and 0.22 (0.15-0.32) in men and 1.00, 0.50 (0.36-0.68), 0.26 (0.17-0.40), and 0.16 (0.09-0.27) in women, respectively. Conclusion: Relative HGS showed a highly significant inverse association with the risk of MetS in Korean adults, and it can be a novel biomarker for assessing the risk of MetS.
RESUMO
Background: Serum cystatin C has been known as a novel marker of preclinical renal dysfunction, and higher cystatin C levels are associated with increased risks of hip and nonvertebral fractures. However, there are few reports on the association between serum cystatin C and bone mineral density (BMD), especially in the Asian population. We evaluated the association between cystatin C levels and BMD of the spine and hip in Korean adults. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed in 865 Korean adults (325 men and 540 women) who participated in a comprehensive medical examination program and underwent bone densitometry. Renal function was assessed by the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), which was calculated using an equation based on creatinine (eGFRcre) and cystatin C (eGFRcys). Results: The serum cystatin C level was negatively correlated with different types of BMD, including the lowest lumbar, total lumbar, femoral neck, and total femur BMD, in women, but not in men. Higher cystatin C levels were associated with a higher prevalence of osteoporosis in women (odds ratio [OR], 3.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.69-8.03; P=0.001), but not in men (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.30-2.38; P=0.761). However, this association was attenuated in the multivariable model adjusted for age, body mass index, serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3, and creatinine (OR, 1.01; 95% CI, 0.38-2.71) in women. In addition, the eGFRcys showed a stronger positive correlation with BMD than the eGFRcre. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that serum cystatin C levels might help identify women with osteoporosis who are susceptible to fractures.
