Indoor Formaldehyde Concentration, Personal Formaldehyde Exposure and Clinical Symptoms during Anatomy Dissection Sessions, University of Medicine 1, Yangon.

The formaldehyde (FA) embalming method, the world's most common protocol for the fixation of cadavers, has been consistently used in medical universities in Myanmar. This study was designed to examine the indoor FA concentrations in anatomy dissection rooms, an exposed site, and lecture theater, an unexposed control site, and to access personal exposure levels of FA and clinical symptoms of medical students and instructors. In total, 208 second year medical students (1/2019 batch) and 18 instructors from Department of Anatomy, University of Medicine 1, participated. Thirteen dissection sessions were investigated from February 2019 to January 2020. Diffusive sampling devices were used as air samplers and high-performance liquid chromatography was used for measurement of FA. Average indoor FA concentration of four dissection rooms was 0.43 (0.09-1.22) ppm and all dissection rooms showed indoor concentrations above the occupational exposure limits and short-term exposure limit for general population. Personal FA exposure values were higher than indoor FA concentrations and the instructors (0.68, 0.04-2.11 ppm) had higher exposure than the students (0.44, 0.06-1.72 ppm). Unpleasant odor, eye and nose irritations and inability to concentrate were frequently reported FA-related symptoms, and the students were found to have significantly higher risks (p < 0.05) of having these symptoms during the dissection sessions than during lecture.

Improvement of GPS-attached Pocket PM2.5 Measuring Device for Personal Exposure Assessment.

Assessment of personal exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter less than or 2.5 µm (PM2.5) is necessary to study the association between PM exposure and health risk. Development of a personal PM2.5 sensor or device is required for the evaluation of individual exposure level. In this study, we aimed to develop a small-sized, lightweight sensor with a global positioning system (GPS) attached that can measure PM2.5 and PM10 every second to assess continuous personal exposure levels. The participants in this study were apparently healthy housewives (n = 15) and university female teaching staff (n = 15) who live in a high PM2.5 area, Yangon, Myanmar. The average PM2.5 exposure levels during 24 h were 16.1 ± 10.0 µg/m3 in the housewives and 15.8 ± 4.0 µg/m3 in the university female teaching staff. The university female teaching staff showed high exposure concentrations during commuting hours, and had stable, relatively low concentrations at work, whereas the housewives showed short-term high exposure peaks due to differences in their lifestyles. This is the first study to show that a GPS-attached standalone PM2.5 and PM10 Sensor [PRO] can be successfully used for mobile sensing, easy use, continuous measurement, and rapid data analysis.

Preliminary monitoring of concentration of particulate matter (PM2.5) in seven townships of Yangon City, Myanmar.

BACKGROUND: Airborne particulate pollution is more critical in the developing world than in the developed countries in which industrialization and urbanization are rapidly increased. Yangon, a second capital of Myanmar, is a highly congested and densely populated city. Yet, there is limited study which assesses particulate matter (PM2.5) in Yangon currently. Few previous local studies were performed to assess particulate air pollution but most results were concerned PM10 alone using fixed monitoring. Therefore, the present study aimed to assess distribution of PM2.5 in different townships of Yangon, Myanmar. This is the first study to quantify the regional distribution of PM2.5 in Yangon City. METHODS: The concentration of PM2.5 was measured using Pocket PM2.5 Sensor (Yaguchi Electric Co., Ltd., Miyagi, Japan) three times (7:00 h, 13:00 h, 19:00 h) for 15 min per day for 5 days from January 25th to 29th in seven townships. Detailed information of eight tracks for PM2.5 pollution status in different areas with different conditions within Kamayut Township were also collected. RESULTS: The results showed that in all townships, the highest PM2.5 concentrations in the morning followed by the evening and the lowest concentrations in the afternoon were observed. Among the seven townships, Hlaingtharyar Township had the highest concentrations (164 ± 52 µg/m3) in the morning and (100 ± 35 µg/m3) in the evening. Data from eight tracks in Kamayut Township also indicated that PM2.5 concentrations varied between different areas and conditions of the same township at the same time. CONCLUSION: Myanmar is one of the few countries that still have to establish national air quality standards. The results obtained from this study are useful for the better understanding of the nature of air pollution linked to PM2.5. Moreover, the sensor which was used in this study can provide real-time exposure, and this could give more accurate exposure data of the population especially those subpopulations that are highly exposed than fixed station monitoring.