The association of depression and sleep disorders in patients with type 1 diabetes in Taiwan.

The association between depression and sleep disorders in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) in Taiwan is underexplored. We used a nationwide population-based dataset to evaluate the association of T1DM with these conditions in Taiwan from 2001 to 2019. Patients with T1DM were identified as cases, and 2 control groups were used for comparison: patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and nondiabetic patients. Age, sex, date of diagnosis, and multiple comorbidities were included and matched using propensity score matching between cases and controls. The primary outcome of this study was to identify new occurrences of the first diagnosis of depression or sleep disorders. After matching, this study included 27,029 T1DM cases, 54,058 T2DM controls, and 108,116 nondiabetic controls. Patients with T1DM exhibited a 1.55-fold higher risk of developing depression (hazard ratio [HR] 1.55, 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.48-1.61) and a 1.41-fold higher risk of experiencing sleep disorders (HR 1.41, 95% CI 1.37-1.46) compared to nondiabetic controls. Similarly, patients with T2DM displayed elevated risks of both depression (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.34-1.43) and sleep disorders (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.37-1.44) relative to non-diabetic controls. When comparing the T1DM and T2DM groups, T1DM patients demonstrated a slightly higher risk of depression (HR 1.11, 95% CI 1.07-1.16) but no significant difference in the risk of sleep disorders compared to T2DM patients. These results were consistent regardless of different ages or sexes. This study demonstrates a significant association between diabetes mellitus and the risk of depression and sleep disorders in a large cohort of Taiwanese patients.

Association of dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitor and recurrent pancreatitis risk among patients with type 2 diabetes: A retrospective cohort study.

Introduction: Following the introduction of incretin-based drugs to the market, instances of acute pancreatitis have been reported, leading the FDA to mandate a warning label. Incretin-based therapy has been linked to a rare yet significant adverse event known as acute pancreatitis. However, these concerns of use of incretin therapy remained an ongoing debate. Methods: This retrospective cohort study was extracted data from the National Health Insurance (NHI) program in Taiwan focused on those having prior hospitalization history of acute pancreatitis. We identified adult patients with type 2 diabetes, all patients who received new prescriptions one year after the diagnosis of hospitalization for acute pancreatitis for DPP-4 inhibitors (index date). Study participants were divided into two groups: those taking DPP-4 inhibitors (the DPP-4 inhibitors group, n = 331) and those not taking DPP-4 inhibitors (the non- DPP-4 inhibitors group, n = 918). The outcome of interest is the recurrence of hospitalization of acute pancreatitis. Results: The incidence density (per 1000 person-years) of acute pancreatitis was 23.16 for DPP-4 inhibitors group and 19.88 for non-DPP-4 inhibitor group. The relative risk is 0.86 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.53-1.38). Results from the Cox proportional hazard model (HR) analysis, the DPP-4 inhibitor was associated with a neutral risk of acute pancreatitis HR 0.68; 95% CI: 0.42-1.09. Conclusions: In this extensive nationwide cohort study conducted in Taiwan, involving a substantial number of newly diagnosed cases, the utilization of DPP-4 inhibitors appears to show no significant correlation with an elevated risk of acute pancreatitis, even among diabetic patients deemed to be at a high risk. These results extend the safety reassurance of incretin-based therapy to individuals considered high-risk for such complications.

NOX4 and its association with myeloperoxidase and osteopontin in regulating endochondral ossification.

IMPORTANCE: Endochondral ossification plays an important role in skeletal development. Recent studies have suggested a link between increased intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and skeletal disorders. Moreover, previous studies have revealed that increasing the levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO) and osteopontin (OPN) while inhibiting NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) can enhance bone growth. This investigation provides further evidence by showing a direct link between NOX4 and MPO, OPN in bone function. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates NOX4, an enzyme producing hydrogen peroxide, in endochondral ossification and bone remodeling. NOX4's role in osteoblast formation and osteogenic signaling pathways is explored. METHODS: Using NOX4-deficient (NOX4-/-) and ovariectomized (OVX) mice, we identify NOX4's potential mediators in bone maturation. RESULTS: NOX4-/- mice displayed significant differences in bone mass and structure. Compared to the normal Control and OVX groups. Hematoxylin and eosin staining showed NOX4-/- mice had the highest trabecular bone volume, while OVX had the lowest. Proteomic analysis revealed significantly elevated MPO and OPN levels in bone marrow-derived cells in NOX4-/- mice. Immunohistochemistry confirmed increased MPO, OPN, and collagen II (COLII) near the epiphyseal plate. Collagen and chondrogenesis analysis supported enhanced bone development in NOX4-/- mice. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: Our results emphasize NOX4's significance in bone morphology, mesenchymal stem cell proteomics, immunohistochemistry, collagen levels, and chondrogenesis. NOX4 deficiency enhances bone development and endochondral ossification, potentially through increased MPO, OPN, and COLII expression. These findings suggest therapeutic implications for skeletal disorders.

Assessing herpes zoster vaccine efficacy in patients with diabetes: A community-based cohort study.

The effectiveness of herpes zoster (HZ) vaccines in patients with diabetes over the age of 50 remains an active area of research. Utilizing a real-world database from the US community, this study spanning from 2006 to 2023, aimed to evaluate the impact of HZ vaccination on newly diagnosed diabetes patients who received an HZ vaccination within 1 year of diagnosis. Exclusion criteria were established to omit patients with immune deficiencies. The cohort consisted of 53 885 patients, with an average age of 63.5 years, including 43% females and 58% whites. After implementing 1:1 propensity score matching for age, sex, race, comorbidities, diabetes medication, and hemoglobin A1c to ensure comparability, the study population was further stratified into four groups: N1 comparing any HZ vaccination to non-HZ vaccination (53 882 matched pairs), N2 for Shingrix versus non-HZ vaccination (16 665 matched pairs), N3 for Zostavax versus non-HZ vaccination (12 058 matched pairs), and N4 for Shingrix versus Zostavax (11 721 matched pairs). Cox proportional hazards regression analysis revealed a hazard ratio (HR) for HZ incidence post any HZ vaccination of 0.92 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83-1.01). Additional analyses yielded HRs of 1.12 (95% CI: 0.93-1.34) for Shingrix versus non-HZ vaccine, 1.02 (95% CI: 0.86-1.20) for Zostavax versus non-HZ vaccine, and 1.06 (95% CI: 0.87-1.29) for Shingrix versus Zostavax. Subgroup analyses across age, sex, and follow-up duration also showed no significant differences. These findings underscore the lack of a significant benefit from HZ vaccination in newly diagnosed diabetes patients aged over 50, highlighting the necessity for further prospective research.

Optimizing lipid control in Taiwanese diabetic patients: A collaborative consensus by the Diabetes Association of the Republic of China (Taiwan) and the Taiwanese Association of Diabetes Educators.

We present an in-depth analysis of dyslipidemia management strategies for patients with diabetes mellitus in Taiwan. It critically examines the disparity between established guideline recommendations and actual clinical practices, particularly in the context of evolving policies affecting statin prescriptions. The focus is on synthesizing the most recent findings concerning lipid management in patients with diabetes mellitus, with a special emphasis on establishing consensus regarding low-density lipoprotein cholesterol treatment targets. The article culminates in providing comprehensive, evidence-based recommendations tailored to the unique needs of those living with diabetes mellitus in Taiwan. It underscores the criticality of personalized care approaches, which incorporate multifaceted factors, and the integration of novel therapeutic options to enhance cardiovascular health outcomes.

Design of robot grippers for binder jet products handling.

Dimension accuracy, damage minimization, and defect detection are essential in manufacturing processes, especially additive manufacturing. These types of challenges may arise either during the manufacture of a product or its use. The repeatability of the process is vital in additive manufacturing systems. However, human users may lose concentration and, thus, would be a great alternative as an assistant. Depending on the nature of work, a robot's fingers might vary, for example, mechanical, electrical, vacuum, two-fingers, and three-fingers. In addition, the end effector plays a vital role in picking up an object in the advanced manufacturing process. However, inbuilt robotic fingers may not be appropriate in different production environments. In this research presented here considering metal binder jet additive manufacturing, the two-finger end- effectors are proposed design, analysis, and experiment to pick up an object after completing the production process from a specific location. The final designs were further printed by using a 3D metal printer and installed in the existing robotic systems. These new designs are used successfully to hold the object from the specific location by reducing the contact force that was not possible with the previously installed end effector's finger. In addition, a numerical study was conducted in order to compare the flowability of the geometric shape of finger's free areas.

Versatile human cardiac tissues engineered with perfusable heart extracellular microenvironment for biomedical applications.

Engineered human cardiac tissues have been utilized for various biomedical applications, including drug testing, disease modeling, and regenerative medicine. However, the applications of cardiac tissues derived from human pluripotent stem cells are often limited due to their immaturity and lack of functionality. Therefore, in this study, we establish a perfusable culture system based on in vivo-like heart microenvironments to improve human cardiac tissue fabrication. The integrated culture platform of a microfluidic chip and a three-dimensional heart extracellular matrix enhances human cardiac tissue development and their structural and functional maturation. These tissues are comprised of cardiovascular lineage cells, including cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells, as well as vascular endothelial cells. The resultant macroscale human cardiac tissues exhibit improved efficacy in drug testing (small molecules with various levels of arrhythmia risk), disease modeling (Long QT Syndrome and cardiac fibrosis), and regenerative therapy (myocardial infarction treatment). Therefore, our culture system can serve as a highly effective tissue-engineering platform to provide human cardiac tissues for versatile biomedical applications.

Exploring epigenetic strategies for the treatment of osteoporosis.

The worldwide trend toward an aging population has resulted in a higher incidence of chronic conditions, such as osteoporosis. Osteoporosis, a prevalent skeletal disorder characterized by decreased bone mass and increased fracture risk, encompasses primary and secondary forms, each with distinct etiologies. Mechanistically, osteoporosis involves an imbalance between bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. Current pharmacological interventions for osteoporosis, such as bisphosphonates, denosumab, and teriparatide, aim to modulate bone turnover and preserve bone density. Hormone replacement therapy and lifestyle modifications are also recommended to manage the condition. While current medications offer therapeutic options, they are not devoid of limitations. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of epigenetic mechanisms, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, in regulating gene expression during bone remodeling. The use of epigenetic drugs, or epidrugs, to target these mechanisms offers a promising avenue for therapeutic intervention in osteoporosis. In this review, we comprehensively examine the recent advancements in the application of epidrugs for treating osteoporosis.

Association of COVID-19 Infection with Subsequent Thyroid Dysfunction: An International Population-Based Propensity Score Matched Analysis.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic's impact on thyroid function is a growing concern. Previous studies have produced inconclusive results, and there is a lack of comprehensive research into the long-term risks of thyroid dysfunction following COVID-19 infection. Methods: In this retrospective cohort study, we used data from the TriNetX international database, which includes electronic health records from a broad, diverse patient population. We compared patients with COVID-19 (cases) to those without (controls), matching for age, sex, race, and comorbidities using propensity score matching. The primary outcome was the diagnosis of thyroid dysfunction (thyrotoxicosis or hypothyroidism) within a 12-month period, analyzed using hazard ratios (HRs) and Kaplan-Meier curves, and stratified by age and sex. Results: Initially, the study included 1,379,311 COVID-19 patients and 6,896,814 non-COVID-19 patients from the TriNetX database. After matching, the cohorts were comparable in demographics and baseline characteristics. This study consistently demonstrated a significant increase in the risk of thyroid dysfunction, including thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism, among COVID-19 patients compared to non-COVID-19 patients. In the short term (3 months postexposure), the COVID-19 group exhibited a HR of 2.07 (95% confidence interval [CI] 2.01-2.12) for thyroid dysfunction, which included both thyrotoxicosis (HR 2.10, CI 1.92-2.29) and hypothyroidism (HR 2.08, CI 2.01-2.13). This heightened risk persisted over the long term (up to 12 months), with HRs indicating an ∼2.01-fold increased risk for overall thyroid dysfunction, a 1.8-fold increased risk for thyrotoxicosis, and a 2.04-fold increased risk for hypothyroidism. Subgroup analysis, stratified by age and sex, revealed a notably higher risk of thyroid dysfunction in patients aged 65 and above (HR 2.18, CI 2.11-2.25), compared to those in the under-65 age group (HR 1.97, CI 1.91-2.03). Both male and female patients were associated with an elevated risk, with females showing a slightly higher association with thyroid dysfunction (HR 2.12, CI 2.06-2.16) compared to males (HR 1.76, CI 1.69-1.82). Conclusions: COVID-19 infection was associated with an increased risk of thyroid dysfunction, including thyrotoxicosis and hypothyroidism, regardless of age or sex, during a 12-month follow-up period. Further research is required to validate these findings.

NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) as a biomarker and therapeutic target in neurodegenerative diseases.

Diseases like Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases are defined by inflammation and the damage neurons undergo due to oxidative stress. A primary reactive oxygen species contributor in the central nervous system, NADPH oxidase 4, is viewed as a potential therapeutic touchstone and indicative marker for these ailments. This in-depth review brings to light distinct features of NADPH oxidase 4, responsible for generating superoxide and hydrogen peroxide, emphasizing its pivotal role in activating glial cells, inciting inflammation, and disturbing neuronal functions. Significantly, malfunctioning astrocytes, forming the majority in the central nervous system, play a part in advancing neurodegenerative diseases, due to their reactive oxygen species and inflammatory factor secretion. Our study reveals that aiming at NADPH oxidase 4 within astrocytes could be a viable treatment pathway to reduce oxidative damage and halt neurodegenerative processes. Adjusting NADPH oxidase 4 activity might influence the neuroinflammatory cytokine levels, including myeloperoxidase and osteopontin, offering better prospects for conditions like Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. This review sheds light on the role of NADPH oxidase 4 in neural degeneration, emphasizing its drug target potential, and paving the path for novel treatment approaches to combat these severe conditions.

Establishment and genotype identification of hepatic stellate cell-specific Grk2 gene knockout mouse model / 中国药理学通报

Aim To establish a stable hepatic stellate cell ( HSC ) -specific G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 ( GRK2 ) knockout mice and provide the important animal model for further studying the biological function of GRK2 in HSC. Methods The loxP-labeled Grk2 gene mouse (Grk2

Research on Satisfaction Degree of Doctor-patient Communication Quality based on Patient Perception / 中国医学伦理学

Objective sampling method was used to conduct a questionnaire survey on outpatients in two hospitals in Guangdong province in order to evaluate patients’ satisfaction with the quality of medical service. This paper explored the factors that affect patients’ evaluation of medical service quality, and found that patients’ age was negatively correlated with the evaluation of medical service quality. It is suggested that the establishment of friendly medical institutions should be carried out according to the national policy. At the same time, the management mechanism of hospital should be improved, the number of medical service centers for "efficient" should be increased, and the medical service personnel should be regularly trained; carry out medical knowledge education in community, improve the popularization of personal medical knowledge and close the cognitive gap between doctors and patients.

Clinical and pathological analysis of 345 cases of vulvar lichen sclerosus and a preliminary study on the frequency of maintenance treatment / 中华妇产科杂志

Objective: To analyze and summarize the clinical and pathological characteristics, management, and efficacy of patients with vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS) through a single center large sample study, and preliminarily to explore the frequency of maintenance treatment medication for VLS. Methods: The clinical data of VLS patients in Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University from 2018 to 2021 were retrospectively collected. The clinicopathological characteristics (patients' age, course of disease, complicated disease history, family history, symptoms, signs and pathology), treatment and effects were retrospectively analyzed. The patients in the maintenance treatment stage were followed up regularly to explore the minimum frequency of individual medication to maintain the stability of the disease. Results: (1) General situation: a total of 345 patients with VLS were included in this study. The average age was (50.4±14.7) years (ranged from 8 to 84 years old), prevalence was highest in the 50-59 years group (30.1%, 104/345). Immune diseases occurred in 18.6% (33/177) of patients, 24.3% (43/177) of patients had allergic skin diseases, and 5.6% (10/177) of the patients' immediate family members had chronic vulvar pruritus or vulvar hypopigmentation. (2) Clinical features: the most common symptom was vulvar pruritus (96.1%, 196/204) among 204 patients with recorded symptoms. The most common sign was hypopigmentation of the vulva (96.3%, 206/214). The most common involved sites were labia minora (70.3%, 142/202), labia majora (67.8%, 137/202), and labial sulcus (59.4%, 120/202). The cumulative number of sites involved in 62 vulvar atrophy patients (2.7±1.1) was significantly higher than that in 152 non-atrophy patients (2.2±1.0; t=3.48, P=0.001). The course of vulvar atrophy was (9.3±8.5) years, which was significantly longer than that of non-atrophy patients [(6.6±5.6) years; t=2.04, P=0.046]. (3) Pathological features: among the 286 patients with electronic pathological sections, the most common pathological feature in the epidermis was epithelial nail process passivation (71.3%, 204/286). The common pathological features in the dermis were interstitial collagenization (84.6%, 242/286), and inflammatory cell infiltration (73.8%, 211/286). (4) Treatment: 177 patients received standardized treatment after diagnosis and were followed up regularly in our hospital. In the initial treatment stage, 26.0% (46/177) of the patients were treated with 0.05% clobetasol propionate cream, and 74.0% (131/177) of the patients were treated with 0.1% mometasone furoate ointment. The complete remission rates of the two methods were respectively 80.4% (37/46) and 74.0% (97/131), and there was no statistically significant difference (χ²=0.76, P=0.385). During maintenance treatment, 27.1% (48/177) of the patients took the medication twice a week, 35.0% (62/177) took the medication once a week, and 37.9% (67/177) took the medication once every 10 days. During follow-up after 6 months of maintenance treatment, there were no patients with recurrence of pruritus or progression of vulvar signs. Conclusions: The majority of VLS patients have itching, hypopigmentation, involvement of labia minora and labia majora, progressive atrophy, and inflammatory infiltration of dermis. Local treatments of mometasone furoate and clobetasol propionate have good initial therapeutic effects. The frequency exploration of individualized maintenance treatment could minimize the occurrence of adverse reactions when ensuring the stability of the patients' condition.

Hypoglycemic activities of flowers of Xanthoceras sorbifolia and identification of anti-oxidant components by off-line UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-free radical scavenging detection / 中草药·英文版

OBJECTIVE@#To identify phytochemical constituents present in the extract of flowers of Xanthoceras sorbifolia and evaluate their anti-oxidant and anti-hyperglycemic capacities.@*METHODS@#The AlCl3 colorimetric method and Prussian Blue assay were used to determine the contents of total flavonoids and total phenolic acids in extraction layers, and the bioactive layers was screened through anti - oxidative activity in vitro. The Waters ACQUITY UPLC system and a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18 column (2.0 mm × 150 mm, 5 μm) were used to identify the ingredients. And anti-oxidative ingredients were screened by off-line UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-free radical scavenging. The ameliorative role of it was further evaluated in a high-fat, streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rat model and the study was carried out on NADPH oxidase (PDB ID: 2CDU) by molecular docking.@*RESULTS@#Combined with the results of activity screening in vitro, the anti - oxidative part was identified as the ethyl acetate layer. A total of 24 chemical constituents were identified by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in the ethyl acetate layer and 13 main anti-oxidative active constituents were preliminarily screened out through off-line UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS-free radical scavenging. In vivo experiments showed that flowers of X. sorbifolia could significantly reduce the blood glucose level of diabetic mice and alleviate liver cell damage. Based on the results of docking analysis related to the identified phytocompounds and oxidase which involved in type 2 diabetes, quercetin 3-O-rutinoside, kaempferol-3-O-rhamnoside, isorhamnetin-3-O-glucoside, and isoquercitrin showed a better inhibitory profile.@*CONCLUSION@#The ethyl acetate layer was rich in flavonoids and phenolic acids and had significant anti-oxidant activity, which could prevent hyperglycemia. This observed activity profile suggested X. sorbifolia flowers as a promising new source of tea to develop alternative natural anti-diabetic products with a high safety margin.

Decellularized heart extracellular matrix alleviates activation of hiPSC-derived cardiac fibroblasts.

Human induced pluripotent stem cell derived cardiac fibroblasts (hiPSC-CFs) play a critical role in modeling human cardiovascular diseases in vitro. However, current culture substrates used for hiPSC-CF differentiation and expansion, such as Matrigel and tissue culture plastic (TCPs), are tissue mismatched and may provide pathogenic cues. Here, we report that hiPSC-CFs differentiated on Matrigel and expanded on tissue culture plastic (M-TCP-iCFs) exhibit transcriptomic hallmarks of activated fibroblasts limiting their translational potential. To alleviate pathogenic activation of hiPSC-CFs, we utilized decellularized extracellular matrix derived from porcine heart extracellular matrix (HEM) to provide a biomimetic substrate for improving hiPSC-CF phenotypes. We show that hiPSC-CFs differentiated and expanded on HEM (HEM-iCFs) exhibited reduced expression of hallmark activated fibroblast markers versus M-TCP-iCFs while retaining their cardiac fibroblast phenotype. HEM-iCFs also maintained a reduction in expression of hallmark genes associated with pathogenic fibroblasts when seeded onto TCPs. Further, HEM-iCFs more homogenously integrated into an hiPSC-derived cardiac organoid model, resulting in improved cardiomyocyte sarcomere development. In conclusion, HEM provides an improved substrate for the differentiation and propagation of hiPSC-CFs for disease modeling.

Effects of Saffron Extract (Affron®) with 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg on Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis and Stress Resilience in Chronic Mild Stress-Induced Depression in Wistar Rats.

Stress-related symptoms are a global concern, impacting millions of individuals, yet effective and safe treatments remain scarce. Although multiple studies have highlighted the stress- alleviating properties of saffron extract, the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study employs the unpredictable chronic mild stress (CMS) animal model to investigate the impact of a standardized saffron extract, Affron® (AFN), on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis regulation and neuroplasticity in Wistar rats following repeated oral administration. The research evaluates AFN's effects on various stress-related parameters, including hypothalamic gene expression, stress hormone levels, and the sucrose preference test. In animals subjected to continuous unpredictable CMS, repetitive administration of AFN at doses of 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg effectively normalized HPA axis dysregulation and enhanced neuroplasticity. Increased concentrations of AFN demonstrated greater efficacy. Following AFN oral administration, adrenocorticotropic and corticosterone hormone levels exhibited significant or nearly significant reductions in comparison to subjects exposed to stress only. These changes align with the alleviation of stress and the normalization of the HPA axis. These findings elucidate AFN's role in stress mitigation, affirm its health benefits, validate its potential as a treatment for stress-related symptoms, confirm its physiological effectiveness, and emphasize its therapeutic promise.

The microRNA-mediated gene regulatory network in the hippocampus and hypothalamus of the aging mouse.

Aging leads to time-dependent functional decline of all major organs. In particular, the aging brain is prone to cognitive decline and several neurodegenerative diseases. Various studies have attempted to understand the aging process and underlying molecular mechanisms by monitoring changes in gene expression in the aging mouse brain using high-throughput sequencing techniques. However, the effect of microRNA (miRNA) on the post-transcriptional regulation of gene expression has not yet been comprehensively investigated. In this study, we performed global analysis of mRNA and miRNA expression simultaneously in the hypothalamus and hippocampus of young and aged mice. We identified aging-dependent differentially expressed genes, most of which were specific either to the hypothalamus or hippocampus. However, genes related to immune response-related pathways were enriched in upregulated differentially expressed genes, whereas genes related to metabolism-related pathways were enriched in downregulated differentially expressed genes in both regions of the aging brain. Furthermore, we identified many differentially expressed miRNAs, including three that were upregulated and three that were downregulated in both the hypothalamus and hippocampus. The two downregulated miRNAs, miR-322-3p, miR-542-3p, and the upregulated protein-encoding coding gene C4b form a regulatory network involved in complement and coagulation cascade pathways in the hypothalamus and hippocampus of the aging brain. These results advance our understanding of the miRNA-mediated gene regulatory network and its influence on signaling pathways in the hypothalamus and hippocampus of the aging mouse brain.

Exosomes from miR-23 Overexpressing Stromal Cells Suppress M1 Macrophage and Inhibit Calcium Oxalate Deposition in Hyperoxaluria Rat Model.

Purpose: To investigate whether ADSC-derived miR-23-enriched exosomes could protect against calcium oxalate stone formation in a hyperoxaluria rat model. Methods: An ethylene glycol- (EG-) induced hyperoxaluria rat model and an in vitro model of COM-induced HK-2 cells coculturing with RAW264.7 cells were established to explore the protective mechanisms of ADSC-derived miR-23-enriched exosomes. Results: The results showed that treatment with miR-23-enriched exosomes from ADSCs protected EG-induced hyperoxaluria rats, and cell experiments confirmed that coculturing with miR-23-enriched exosomes alleviated COM-induced cell autophagy. Overexpressed miR-23 suppressed M1 macrophage polarization by inhibiting IRF1 expression. Furthermore, the predicted binding site between the IRF1 messenger RNA 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) and miR-23 was confirmed by the dual-luciferase reporter assay. Conclusion: In conclusion, our research gave the first evidence that ADSC-derived miR-23-enriched exosomes affected the polarization of M1 macrophages by directly inhibiting IRF1 and protecting against calcium oxalate stone formation in a hyperoxaluria rat model.