Shear Bond Strength between Orthodontic Brackets and Monolithic 4Y-TZP: An In Vitro Study.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on the shear bond strength (SBS) between metal orthodontic brackets and monolithic zirconia surfaces bonded with resin composite. Fifty monolithic zirconia (4Y-TZP) disks were sintered and glazed. Specimens were divided into five groups (n = 10) for different surface treatments: control, nano second fiber laser, sandblasting, grinding and tribochemical coating (CoJet Sand 30-µm). Metal orthodontic brackets were bonded to monolithic zirconia surface by two-component orthodontic adhesive. After 500 cycles of thermocycling, shear bond strength values were measured by a universal testing machine at a cross head speed of 0.5 mm/min. The data was recorded as MPa and statistically analyzed with One-way ANOVA, Levene's LSD tests with Bonferroni corrections. The significance level was α = 0.05. The surface topography of one specimen of each group was evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistically significant difference was observed among study groups (p = 0.018). The lowest shear bond strength was observed in the control group (3.92 ± 1.9). Tribochemical coating showed the highest bond strength (7.44 ± 2.9), which was statistically different from the control and nano second laser (4.3 ± 1.4) groups but not statistically different from grinding (6.15 ± 3.1) or sandblasting (6.47 ± 3.3). SEM images showed comprehensive results of each surface treatment on monolithic zirconia. All failure modes were recorded as adhesive between the composite resin and monolithic zirconia. Based on the findings of this study, it can be concluded that grinding, sandblasting and tribochemical coating techniques showed clinically acceptable bond strength within the range of 6-8 MPa. These surface treatments can be considered suitable for achieving a durable bond between metal orthodontic brackets and monolithic 4Y-TZP ceramic surfaces.

Using Peek as a Framework Material for Maxillofacial Silicone Prosthesis: An In Vitro Study.

There are often bonding problems between acrylic resins and silicone. PEEK (polyetheretherketone), which is a high-performance polymer, has great potential for the implant, and fixed or removable prosthodontics. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different surface treatments on PEEK to be bonded to maxillofacial silicone elastomers. A total of 48 specimens were fabricated from either PEEK or PMMA (Polymethylmethacrylate) (n = 8). PMMA specimens acted as a positive control group. PEEK specimens were divided into five study groups as surface treatments as control PEEK, silica-coating, plasma etching, grinding, or nano-second fiber laser. Surface topographies were evaluated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). A platinum-primer was used on top of all specimens including control groups prior to silicone polymerization. The peel bond strength of the specimens to a platinum-type silicone elastomer was tested at a cross-head speed of 5 mm/min. The data were statistically analyzed (α = 0.05). The control PEEK group showed the highest bond strength (p < 0.05) among the groups. No statistical difference was found between control PEEK, grinding, or plasma etching groups (p > 0.05). The lowest bond strength was seen in the laser group, which was not statistically different from silica-coating (p > 0.05), and statistically different from control PEEK, grinding, or plasma groups (p < 0.05). Positive control PMMA specimens had statistically lower bond strength than either control PEEK or plasma etching groups (p < 0.05). All specimens exhibited adhesive failure after a peel test. The study results indicate that PEEK could serve as a potential alternative substructure for implant-retained silicone prostheses.

Effects of smoking on the bone alkaline phosphatase in peri-implant crevicular fluid and implant stability quotient around implants before loading.

We aimed to examine the implant stability quotient (ISQ), alveolar bone level measurements (ABL), and bone alkaline phosphatase (BALP) in peri-implant crevicular fluid (PICF) around implants in smokers and non-smokers before loading in 3 months. 44 dental implants were placed into smoker and non-smoker patients equally. ISQ was measured at baseline and 3 months after surgery. The levels of PICF BALP and alveolar bone were measured. ISQ values significantly increased in smokers and non-smokers in the 3rd month (p < 0.05). ABL measurements were lower at 3 months compared to baseline in both groups (p < 0.05). Although ISQ and ABL values were higher in non-smokers than smokers at 3 months, the difference between the groups did not show any statistical significance. The PICF BALP levels in the 3rd month changed in both groups. But, these differences were insignificant. Although some of the measurements presented differences between the groups during the assessment periods, they were not indicative of the hazardous effects of smoking on bone healing around implants after surgery till functional loading in 3 months. However, smoking is an important factor to be considered for osseo-integration outcomes. Further studies are needed to clarify the influence of smoking on osseo-integration.

Effect of Home Bleaching Agents on Color Stability and Surface Roughness of Hybrid Ceramics: An in vitro study.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of two different home bleaching agents on the color stability and surface roughness of hybrid ceramics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three dental hybrid ceramics (Lava Ultimate, CeraSmart, and Vita Enamic) and two different home bleaching agents (hydrogen peroxide [9.5%; HP] and carbamide peroxide [22%; CP]) were used. Thirty specimens with dimensions of 12 x 14 x 1 mm were prepared for each material. Technical polishing kits were applied to one surface of the specimens for the surface finishing procedure. The color parameters (L*a*b*) of specimens were measured. Three subgroups for each ceramic were determined: control (C), HP, and CP (n = 10 each). After bleaching procedures, the color parameters were remeasured, and color differences (ΔE) were calculated. The surface roughness values of the specimens were detected using a profilometer. Surface analysis was performed with a scanning electron microscope on one specimen from each group. Data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and Tukey honest significant difference tests. RESULTS: There was an interaction between material and bleaching agent type (P < .05). The highest ΔE values were observed in the CP groups, and the lowest ΔE values were observed in the C groups. For surface roughness, there was no interaction between material and bleaching agent type (P > .05). Material and bleaching agent factors had a significant effect on surface roughness (P Δ .05). The highest surface roughness values were detected in the HP groups. CONCLUSION: Home bleaching agents caused clinically acceptable color differences on hybrid ceramic materials. HP increased the surface roughness of hybrid ceramics.

Evaluation of flexural properties and dynamic mechanical analysis of glass fiber-reinforced polyamide resin.

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate flexural strength, elastic modulus and dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) of heat-polymerized polymethyl methacrylate resin, polyamide resin and glass fiber-reinforced polyamide resin. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Three groups were determined according to denture base materials as polymethyl methacrylate resin (H), polyamide resin (P) and glass fiber reinforced polyamide resin (R). Sixteen specimens for each denture base material were prepared with dimensions of 64x10x3.3 mm for three-point bending test. Two specimens for each denture base material were prepared with dimensions of 30x10x3 mm for DMA. Polymethyl methacrylate and polyamide specimens were prepared according to the manufacturer's recommendations. The silane was applied to glass fibers (4.5 mm length) 2% by weight of the polyamide resin, they were placed in polyamide resin cartilages and injected to the mold. The thermal aging procedure was applied to half of specimens of each material (n=8). Flexural strength and elastic modulus of the specimens were determined by three-point bending test at a speed of 5 mm/ min. DMA was performed to 1 specimen from each group to evaluate viscoelastic properties. Data were analyzed with one-way ANOVA, Tukey and Paired t tests. RESULTS: A statistically significant difference was found in flexural strength and elastic modulus values of denture base materials (p=0.00). The highest flexural strength and elastic modulus values were observed in polymethyl methacrylate group. There was no significant difference between polyamide and glass-fiber reinforced polyamide groups (p=0.497). No significant difference was determined in all threedenture base materials before and after aging procedure. CONCLUSION: The reinforcement with glass-fibers did not affect the flexural strength and elastic modulus of polyamide resin.

Effect of argon plasma and Er:YAG laser on tensile bond strength between denture liner and acrylic resin.

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: The separation of a denture liner from the denture base can be a clinical problem. Different surface treatments to increase the bond have been evaluated, but studies comparing the effect of argon plasma and erbium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Er:YAG) laser on the bond between acrylic resin and a denture liner are lacking. PURPOSE: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of argon plasma and Er:YAG laser treatments on the bond strengths of acrylic resin to 2 denture liners. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Heat-polymerized acrylic resin (Acron Duo) was bonded to silicone soft-liner materials (Molloplast B, n=30; Mollosil, n=30) to create control specimens (n=10), argon plasma treatment (n=10), and Er:YAG laser treatment (n=10). Silicone liners were polymerized on resin specimens. The tensile bond strength test was performed with a crosshead speed of 10 mm/min with a 10-N load until failure. Data were analyzed by using the Kruskal-Wallis test and unpaired t test (α=.05). RESULTS: The laser group showed significantly higher bond strength than the argon plasma group for both Molloplast-B (P=.001) and Mollosil (P<.001). The highest tensile bond strength values were determined in the laser-treated Molloplast-B group (1.325 ±0.119 MPa) while the lowest bond strength values were determined in the Mollosil control group (0.384 ±0.018 MPa). CONCLUSIONS: Argon plasma and Er:YAG laser applications increases the tensile bond strength between soft-liner material and resin. Er:YAG laser treatment results in higher bond strength values than treatment with argon plasma for 1 minute.

Microtensile Bond Strength and Failure Type Analysis of Self-Etch Adhesive Systems on Superficial and Deep Dentin After Long-term Water Storage / Análise de resistência de adesão à microtração e tipo de falha de sistemas adesivos autocondicionantes em dentina superficial e profunda após armazenamento longitudinal em água

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the microtensile bond strengths of four current adhesive materials that contain different monomers at deep and superficial dentin. Material and Methods: Forty non-carious human third molars (n=5) were used in the study. Specimens were divided into two main groups according to dentin thickness as superficial and deep dentin. Groups were further divided into four subgroups in terms of the adhesive systems used: Nova Compo B Plus (NCBP), Nova Compo B (NCB), Futurabond M (FB) and Clearfil S3 Bond Plus (CS3). All specimens were bonded to resin composite and stored in 37 °C water for 9-months. Teeth were sectioned into 3 x 3 mm thick beams. Microtensile bond strength test was carried out by using a universal testing device (1 mm/min). After fracture, failure types were observed using an optical microscope and the fractured dentin surfaces were observed by a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). One-way ANOVA and Tukey tests were used to compare the adhesive system in each dentin group. An unpaired T-test was used to compare the dentin thickness in each adhesive material. Results: As compared to deep dentin, superficial dentin showed higher µTBS values in groups NCBP, FB and CS, as opposed to group NCB. Only NCB revealed higher bond strength at deep dentin layers when compared to superficial dentin. In the superficial dentin group, NCBP showed the highest bond strength value while NCB showed the lowest bond strength. In the deep dentin group, while NCB showed the highest bond strength value, NCBP revealed the lowest bond strength value after 9-months storage. While 4-META and 10-MDP monomer combination (NCBP) resulted in the highest bond strength value among the adhesive systems in the superficial dentin group, the GPDMA and 4-META monomer combination (NCB) resulted in the highest bond strength in deep dentin group. Conclusions: Microtensile bond strength performance are affected by both the type of monomer in the adhesive combination and the depth of the dentin. (AU)

Objetivo: o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar a resistência de união à microtração de quatro materiais adesivos atuais que contêm monômeros diferentes na dentina profunda e superficial. Material e Métodos: Quarenta terceiros molares humanos não cariados (n = 5) foram usados no estudo. Os espécimes foram divididos em dois grupos principais de acordo com a espessura da dentina em superficial e profunda. Os grupos foram subdivididos em quatro subgrupos quanto aos sistemas adesivos usados: Nova Compo B Plus (NCBP), Nova Compo B (NCB), Futurabond M (FB) e Clearfil S3 Bond Plus (CS3). Todos os espécimes foram aderidos à resina composta e armazenados em água a 37 ° C por 9 meses. Os dentes foram seccionados em palitos de 3 x 3 mm de espessura. O teste de microtração foi realizado com o uso de um dispositivo de teste universal (1 mm / min). Após a fratura, os tipos de falha foram observados em microscópio óptico e as superfícies de dentina fraturadas por microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). Os testes ANOVA e Tukey um fator foram usados para comparar o sistema adesivo em cada grupo de dentina. Um teste T não pareado foi usado para comparar a espessura da dentina em cada material adesivo. Resultados: Em comparação com a dentina profunda, a dentina superficial apresentou maiores valores de µTBS nos grupos NCBP, FB e CS, ao contrário do grupo NCB. Apenas NCB revelou maior resistência de união na dentina profunda quando comparada à dentina superficial. No grupo de dentina superficial, NCBP apresentou o maior valor de resistência de união, enquanto NCB apresentou a menor resistência de união. No grupo de dentina profunda, enquanto NCB apresentou o valor de resistência de união mais alto, NCBP revelou o valor de resistência de união mais baixo após 9 meses de armazenamento. Enquanto a combinação de monômero 4-META e 10-MDP (NCBP) resultou no maior valor de resistência de união entre os sistemas adesivos no grupo de dentina superficial, a combinação de monômero (NCB) resultou na maior força de união no grupo de dentina profunda. Conclusões: O desempenho da resistência de união à microtração é afetado tanto pelo tipo de monômero na combinação adesiva quanto pela profundidade da dentina. (AU)