How are pupillary parameters affected in pseudoexfoliation syndrome? A quantitative study.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the effects of pseudoexfoliation syndrome on dynamic, static pupillary parameters (scotopic, mesopic, photopic) and the pupil dilation speed, with automatic pupillometry. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study group included 140 eyes with clinically visible pseudoexfoliation material (PXM) of 110 patients. The study group was compared with the control group formed by including 140 eyes of 110 patients. Scotopic measurements at 0.4 lx illumination, mesopic measurements at 4 lx illumination, and photopic measurements at 40 lx illumination were performed. Dynamic measurements were made at 500 lx illumination. The mean pupil dilation speed at 10th second was calculated. In addition, the eyes (80 patients) with clinically unilateral PXM were compared with the other eyes of the patients. RESULTS: The mean scotopic, mesopic, photopic and dynamic pupil diameters of eyes with clinical PXM were compared with the control group, all values were found to be significantly lower in eyes with PXM. (p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, respectively). The mean speed of pupil dilation at the 10th second was also significantly lower in the pseudoexfoliation syndrome group (p < 0.0001). The measurement results of the patients with clinical PXM were significantly lower than the other unaffected eyes (p = 0.001, p = 0.004, p = 0.048, p = 0.035, respectively). The mean speed of pupil dilation at 10th second was also significantly lower in eyes with PXM (p = 0.009). CONCLUSION: Results clearly reveal that pseudoexfoliation syndrome affects iris mechanisms. Although pseudoexfoliation syndrome is a systemic syndrome, we can say that the emergence of iris dysfunction findings is parallel with the clinical observation of PXM.

Optical Coherence Tomography Findings in Bipolar Disorder Patients and the Related Factors.

Background: This study's purpose is to determine the effects of current episode and the mood stabilizers on chorioretinal layer thicknesses of bipolar disorder (BD) patients using spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT). Methods: Sixty-seven patients were diagnosed with BD I and using lithium (Li) or valproic acid (VPA), of whom 20 were manic, 24 were depressive, and 23 were in remission, and 49 healthy individuals were included in the study. Peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), ganglion cell layer, and macular thicknesses of the participants were measured automatically using SD-OCT, and their choroid layer thicknesses were measured manually using the depth imaging mode of SD-OCT. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23.0. Results: The patient group's mean age was 39.78 ± 11.78, and the control group's mean age was 42.06 ± 12.10. The mean disease duration was 13.22 ± 8.23 in the patient group, and 26 patients were using Li. While peripapillary RNFL thicknesses were lower in the patient group (P < .05), other layer measurements were similar between the groups. Moreover, the episodes experienced by BD patients did not affect chorioretinal SD-OCT measurements. The patients on VPA had significantly lower RNFL thicknesses compared to the control and the Li groups, and all chorioretinal measurements were similar between the Li and the control groups. Conclusion: As a result of the study, it was established that neurodegenerative processes play a role in the pathophysiology of BD and the usage of Li is protective against the neurodegeneration of RNFL. Retinal changes measured with SD-OCT can be used for the diagnosis and prognosis of BD and for evaluating responses to mood stabilizers.

Do static and dynamic pupillary parameters differ according to childhood, adulthood, and old age? A quantitative study in healthy volunteers.

Purpose: We aimed to evaluate the normative pupillometry values and mean pupil dilatation speed in healthy individuals in different age groups in our study. Methods: The study group included 180 eyes of 90 healthy volunteers in different age groups. Group 1 consisted of 30 participants between the ages of 6 and 18, group 2 consisted of 30 participants aged 19-40, and group 3 consisted of 30 participants aged 41-75. Scotopic, mesopic, photopic, and dynamic measurements were taken with automatic pupillometry of Sirius Topographer (CSO, Firenze, Italy). The mean pupil dilation speed at the 18th second was calculated according to dynamic measurements. Results: Group 1 had a significantly larger pupil diameter than groups 2 and 3 in all static and dynamic parameters, and the mean pupil dilation speed was the highest among the groups (P < 0.001 for all static and dynamic parameters). In addition, group 2 had a significantly larger pupil diameter than group 3 (P < 0.001 for all static and dynamic parameters) and the mean pupil dilation speed was faster than group 3 (P = 0.027). Conclusion: We have presented the static and dynamic parameters and the mean speed of pupil dilatation at the 18th second with automatic pupillometry in healthy individuals in childhood, adulthood, and old age. More studies with higher participants and younger age children are needed.

Evaluation of oxidative stress, 3-Nitrotyrosine, and HMGB-1 levels in patients with wet type Age-Related Macular Degeneration.

Background: This study aims to compare serum HMGB-1, 3-nitrotyrosine (3-NT), TAS, TOS, and OSI levels in Wettype Age-Related Macular Degeneration (wAMD) patients and healthy controls to determine the correlation of these parameters with each other. Methods: Thirty patients with Wet-type Age-Related Macular Degeneration (wAMD) and 27 healthy adults, as controls were enrolled in the study. We determined the TAS and TOS levels in serum samples of both groups using commercial kits on a microplate reader. Serum HMGB-1 and 3-NT levels were measured with the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method. Results: HMGB-1 levels were significantly higher in the patient group (137.51 pg/mL, p=0.001), while there was no difference between the two groups in serum 3-NT levels (p=0.428). A statistically significant difference found in the levels of TOS and OSI (p=0.001 and p=0.045, respectively) between the patients and controls, however, no significant difference was observed between the groups in terms of TAS levels (p=0.228). Conclusions: Oxidative stress and HMGB-1 levels were increased in wAMD patients and enhanced oxidative stress may be associated with increased tissue necrosis and inflammation. Thus administration of antioxidant treatment in addition to routine therapy should be considered in wAMD.