[Textual research on origin and genuine of Lilii Bulbus].

Lilii Bulbus, which comes from many medicinal plants，is a frequently-used traditional Chinese medicine，the records in previous herbal literatures of it's origin and quality were inconstant. To trace back it's sources, we conducted a systematical study on it's origin and quality by textual research and investigation in this paper,The result showed that the origins of Lilii Bulbus are mainly source from white-flowers, red-yellow-flowers and red-flowers of Lilium， L. brownii var. viridulum, which were believed authentic or good quality in all previous herbal literatures,and L. pumilum and L. concolor which belong to white-flowers,and L. lancifolium which belong to red-yellow-flowers were believed low-quality and unfit for medicinal uses, or they were listed below and often have different effect with L. brownii var. viridulum. Among them, only L. concolor does not belong to Lilii Bulbus according to Chinese Pharmacopeia (2015 edition), The mainstream varieties of Lilii Bulbus became L. lancifolium now according to our practical investigation, which were very different from previous herbal literatures. Although chemical and pharmacological studies provided a reference for L. lancifolium，we should respect the actual records of the previous herbal literatures，the research of material foundation of efficacy should be more sufficient，and provide science evidence for clinical application of different species of Lilii Bulbus.

[Community characters of Lophatherum gracile in Yongchuan district of Chongqing].

To understand Lophatherum gracile plant community's structural characteristics, a survey of community structure and species diversity was conducted through quadrat sampling in Yongchuan district of Chongqing. The results showed that there were 386 species vascular plants, belonging to 117 families and 229 genera. Based on habitat, community structure and species composition, L. gracile were found in three community types: Pinus massoniana community, banboo community, shurb community. Vertical structure was composed of three layers, including tree layer, shrub layer and herb layer. Species in shrub layer was the richness. P. massoniana is the only dominant species of the community, it can not regenerate naturally, the shrub layer has a greater effect on the community of L. gracile in the future. In addition, the banboo community and shurb community is not stable because of human's activity. Therefore, the community characters of L. gracile should be taken care of conservation when the resources are utilized.

[History of heavy metal pollution from tidal flat in Haizhou Bay].

Coastal zone could be considered as an important sink of regional source to sink and preserve historical records of environmental evolution. Four sediment cores, collected from tidal flat at Haizhou Bay near Lianyungang City, were examined for concentrations of heavy metals including Cd, Cr, Cu, Mn, Pb and Zn in core sediments to investigate the historical input of trace metals. In addition, sediment rates of cores LH3 and LH4 were determined based on radionuclide 210Pb. The results showed that grain size control effect was not the main factor that influenced the distribution of heavy metals. Heavy metals concentrations in the surface sediments were higher than these regional background values. Furthermore, Al element as a proxy of grain size was selected for normalization and calculation of metal enrichment factor (EF) and anthropogenic heavy metal fluxes. The results revealed that heavy metals in tidal flats were continuously enriched in the past decades, meanwhile, tidal flats have been significantly subjected to contaminations due to anthropogenic activities. Moreover, the depth profiles of heavy metals fluxes correspond to scenario of social-economy development of Lianyungang, which is an important urban area near Haizhou Bay. From 1950s to 2005, anthropogenic fluxes of metals increased with fluctuations, whereas, since 2005 anthropogenic fluxes declined, which may be correlated to the adjustment of industrial structure as well as the strengthened environmental regulation.

Bis(1H-benzimidazole-κN(3))bis-[2-(naphthalen-1-yl)acetato-κ(2)O,O']nickel(II) monohydrate.

In the title compound, [Ni(C(12)H(9)O(2))(2)(C(7)H(6)N(2))(2)]·H(2)O, The Ni(II) cation is located on a twofold rotation axis and is six-coordinated in a distorted NiN(2)O(4) octa-hedral geometry. The asymmetric unit consists of a nickel(II) ion, one 2-(naphthalen-1-yl)acetate anion, a neutral benzotriazole ligand and one half of a lattice water mol-ecule. The crystal packing is stabilized by O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. The title compound is isotypic with its Cd(II) analogue.

Pyrrolidin-1-ium 2-(naphthalen-1-yl)acetate-2-(naphthalen-1-yl)acetic acid (1/1).

In the title compound, C(4)H(10)N(+)·C(12)H(9)O(2) (-)·C(12)H(10)O(2), the pyrrolidine ring adopts an envelope conformation and the dihedral angle between the planes of the two naphthalene ring systems is 8.34 (10)°. The crystal structure is stabilized by O-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

Diaqua-bis-(1-methyl-1H-imidazole-κN(3))bis-[2-(naphthalen-1-yl)acetato-κO]cobalt(II).

In the title compound, [Co(C(12)H(9)O(2))(2)(C(4)H(6)N(2))(2)(H(2)O)(2)], the Co(II) ion is located on an inversion centre and displays a distorted octa-hedral coordination geometry. Two O atoms from two water mol-ecules and two carboxyl-ate O atoms from two 2-(naphthalen-1-yl)acetate ligands are in the equatorial plane and two N atoms from two 1-methyl-1H-imidazole ligands are in the axial positions. The structure is stabilized by intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Inter-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the complex mol-ecules into chains along [100].

Bis(1H-benzimidazole-κN)bis-[2-(naphthalen-1-yl)acetato-κO,O']manganese(II) monohydrate.

In the title compound, [Mn(C(12)H(9)O(2))(2)(C(7)H(6)N(2))(2)]·H(2)O, the Mn(II) ion is located on a twofold rotation axis and six-coordinated, displaying a distorted MnN(2)O(4) octa-hedral geometry. The crystal packing is stabilized by N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, which give rise to a one-dimensional structure along [001], and π-π inter-actions between the imidazole rings and between the benzene rings of the 2-(naphthalen-1-yl)acetate ligands [centroid-centroid distances = 3.761 (3) and 3.728 (4) Å]. The contribution of the electron density associated with the disordered water molecules was not considerd in the final structure model.

Tetra-kis(µ-naphthalene-1-acetato-κO:O')bis-[(N,N-dimethyl-formamide-κO)copper(II)].

The asymmetric unit of the title compound, [Cu(2)(C(12)H(9)O(2))(4)(C(3)H(7)NO)(2)], contains two independent centrosymmetric dinuclear copper(II) complexes. The central paddle-wheel units are formed by four bridging bidentate naphthalene-1-acetate ligands with two dimethyl-formamide ligands in the axial positions. The unique Cu(II) ions have slightly distorted square-pyramidal coordination geometries. One of the naphthalene rings is disordered over two sets of sites, with refined occpancies of 0.535 (4) and 0.465 (4).

Bis-(2-methyl-1H-imidazole-κN)bis[2-(naphthalen-2-yl)acetato-κO]copper(II).

In the crystal structure of the title compound, [Cu(C(12)H(9)O(2))(2)(C(4)H(6)N(2))(2)], the Cu(II) cations are square-planar coordinated by two 1-naphthyl-acetate anions and two 2-methyl-imidazole ligands into discrete complexes that are located on centres of inversion. These complexes are linked into chains parallel to [010] by inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonding between the N-H H atom of the 2-methyl-imidazole ligands and the carboxyl-ate O atoms that are not involved in metal coordination.

Bis(1-methyl-1H-imidazole-κN)bis-[2-(naphthalen-1-yl)acetato-κO]copper(II) monohydrate.

In the crystal structure of the title compound, [Cu(C(12)H(9)O(2))(2)(C(4)H(6)N(2))(2)]·H(2)O, the Cu(II) atom is coordinated by two 2-(naphthalen-1-yl)acetate anions and two 1-methyl-imidazole ligands, giving monomeric complexes with a square-planar coordination environment. Two complex mol-ecules and two water mol-ecules form a centrosymmetric ring system via O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

[Study on the net photosynthesis rate of Coptis chinensis from different types and production places].

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the photosynthesis characteristics of Coptis chinensis and provide theoretical basis for the optimization of Coptis chinensis germplasm resources and variety. METHODS: The daily variation of the net photosynthetic rate, transpiration rate, stomatal conductance and intercellular CO2 density in leaf blade were determined by Photosynthesis analyzer, and the net photosynthesis rate of Coptis chinensis from different plant ages, types and production places was compared. RESULTS: The light saturation point in Coptis chinensis was about 500 micromol/m2 x s, light compensation point was about 12.04 micromol/(m2 x s), apparent quantum yield was 0.011. When the temperature was above 33 degrees C, the transpiration rate increased but the net photosynthesis rate decreased. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) among the net photosynthesis rate of Coptis chinensis from different plant ages. The net photosynthesis rate of the type DA-YE and ZHI-HUA was significantly higher than that of other types (P < 0.05); The net photosynthesis rates of specimens from Fubao mountain in Lichuan county of Hubei and Fengmu village in Shizhu county of Chongqing were significantly higher than that of others. CONCLUSIONS: The net photosynthesis rate of Coptis chinensis decreased under hight temperation and hight light. Different germplasm resources of Coptis chinensis, the net photosynthetic rate had certain differences.

[Study on the autointoxication of aquatic extracts from different parts of Coptis chinensis].

OBJECTIVE: To study the autointoxication of aquatic extracts from different parts of Coptis chinensis. METHODS: By measuring the effects on seed germination, seedling growth and adult-plants' growth, the autointoxications of root exudates, rhizome extracts, plant residue decomposition products and aqueous extracts from rhizosphere soil were studied. RESULTS: The aquatic extracts from different parts of C. chinensis could inhibit the nutritional growth stage of C. chinensis. CONCLUSIONS: Autointoxication is one of the factors leading to continuous cropping obstacle, and this study is instructive to the management and application of C. chinensis in agricultural productivity.