Forest stand factors determine the rainfall pattern of crown allocation of Picea schrenkiana in the northern slope of Mount Bogda, Tianshan Range, China.

The middle elevation forest of the Tianshan Mountains, dominated by the conifer tree Picea schrenkiana, is an important part of the mountain ecosystem of arid Northwestern China, which plays a pivotal role in carbon sequestration and water conservation. As the first interface of water transfer in a forest ecosystem, tree crown allocates precipitation regulating soil water supply and sustaining vegetation growth below the crown. In this study, four 20-m × 20-m sampling quadrats were randomly installed at each of three elevation sites (2,200 m, 1,800 m, and 1,450 m) on the northern slope of Mount Bogda, the main peak of the Eastern Tianshan Range. The effects of forest stand factors and incoming rainfall on forest crown allocation of precipitation were investigated, and the trade-off between water and carbon was also discussed. The results revealed that (1) the interception, throughfall, and stemflow ratio had values of 44.3%-50.0%, 49.6%-55.4%, and<0.5%, respectively; (2) there was a complementary relationship between stemflow ability and threshold rainfall when stemflow emerged, and the crown interception rainfall had a saturation value; and (3) the allocation of crown-intercepted rainfall was controlled by trunk diameter at breast height, crown height-to-width ratio, and leaf area index, which was why differences arose in the allocation of crown precipitation at differing elevations. With greater arbor biological carbon density, the crown interception ratio initially increased rapidly but then remained stable, indicating that once a natural forest stand is mature, its biomass carbon sequestration would not change further allocation of crown precipitation.

(9S,13R,14R)-7,8-Didehydro-3,4,7-trimeth-oxy-17-methyl-morphinan-6-one.

The title compound, C(20)H(25)NO(4), was synthesized by a Mitsunobu reaction of sinomenine [(9S,13R,14R)-7,8-didehydro-4-hydroxy-3,7-dimethoxy-17-methylmorphinan-6-one] with methanol. The chiral centers were unchanged during the reaction. Intra-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds result in the formation of six-membered rings.

Diethyl {[5-(2,4-dichloro-phen-yl)-1,3,4-thia-diazol-2-ylamino](4-methoxy-phenyl)methyl}-phospho-nate.

The title compound, C(20)H(22)Cl(2)N(3)O(4)PS, was synthesized by the reaction of N-(4-methoxy-benzyl-idene)-5-(2,4-dichloro-phenyl)-1,3,4-thia-diazol-2-amine and diethyl phosphite. In the crystal, inter-molecular C-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules.

5-(2-Bromo-phen-yl)-1,3,4-thia-diazol-2-amine.

In the title compound, C(8)H(6)BrN(3)S, the thia-diazole ring is oriented at a dihedral angle of 48.35 (3)° with respect to the bromo-phenyl ring. In the crystal structure, inter-molecular N-H⋯N hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules.

N-{(E)-4-[(E)-(Dodecyl-imino)meth-yl]benzyl-idene}dodecan-1-imine.

The title compound, C(32)H(56)N(2), was synthesized by the reaction of terephthalaldehyde and dodecan-1-amine. The imines adopt trans conformations, with the two halves of the mol-ecule related to each other by a centre of symmetry.

Methyl 2-{[3-(4,6-dimethoxy-pyrimidin-2-yl)ureido]sulfonyl-meth-yl}benzoate.

In the title compound, C(16)H(18)N(4)O(7)S, a synthetic sulfonyl-urea herbicide, there are intra-molecular N-H⋯N and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds. Inter-molecular N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds form centrosymmetric dimers. The dihedral angle between the two rings is 50.00 (15)°.

Dichloridobis(5-m-tolyl-1,3,4-thia-diazol-2-ylamine-κN)zinc(II).

In the mol-ecule of the title compound, [ZnCl(2)(C(9)H(9)N(3)S)(2)], the Zn(II) atom is four-coordinated by two N atoms from two 5-m-tolyl-1,3,4-thia-diazol-2-ylamine ligands and two Cl anions in a distorted tetra-hedral geometry. Intra-molecular N-H⋯N, N-H⋯Cl and C-H⋯S hydrogen bonds result in the formation of one planar and one non-planar five-membered, one non-planar six-membered and one non-planar seven-membered ring. The six- and seven-membered rings have twist conformations, while the non-planar five-membered ring adopts an envelope conformation with the S atom displaced by 0.541 (3) Šfrom the plane of the other ring atoms. The planar five-membered ring is oriented at dihedral angles of 1.74 (3) and 1.08 (3)°, respectively, with respect to the adjacent aromatic and thia-diazole rings. In the crystal structure, inter-molecular N-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into a three-dimensional network.

2-(2,4-Dichloro-phen-yl)-3-[5-(4-methoxy-phen-yl)-1,3,4-thia-diazol-2-yl]-1,3-thia-zolidin-4-one.

In the mol-ecule of the title compound, C(18)H(13)Cl(2)N(3)O(2)S(2), the thia-zolidinone ring has an envelope conformation with the S atom displaced by 0.394 (3) Šfrom the plane of the other ring atoms. The thia-diazole ring is oriented at a dihedral angle of 7.40 (4)° with respect to the 4-methoxy-phenyl ring. Intra-molecular C-H⋯S, C-H⋯N and C-H⋯Cl hydrogen bonds result in the formation of two planar and two non-planar five-membered rings. The planar five-membered rings are oriented at a dihedral angle of 6.23 (3)°. The 2,4-dichloro-phenyl ring is oriented at dihedral angles of 84.21 (4) and 83.55 (3)° with respect to the thia-diazole and 4-methoxy-phenyl rings, respectively. In the crystal structure, inter-molecular C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules into centrosymmetric dimers.

1-(2-Chloro-benzo-yl)-3-[4-(trifluoro-meth-oxy)phen-yl]urea.

The title compound, C(15)H(10)ClF(3)N(2)O(3), is considered to belong to a fourth generation of insecticides with properties such as high selectivity, low acute toxicity for mammals and high biological activity. The dihedral angle between the two benzene rings is 59.3 (2)°. Intra-molecular C-H⋯O and N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds are observed. Inter-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bonding generates a centrosymmetric dimer. The F atoms are disordered over two positions; the site occupancy factors are 0.52 and 0.48.

3-[5-(4-Fluoro-phen-yl)-1,3,4-thia-diazol-2-yl]-2-(4-methoxy-phen-yl)-1,3-thia-zolidin-4-one.

The title compound, C(18)H(14)FN(3)O(2)S(2), was synthesized by the reaction of 5-(4-fluoro-phen-yl)-N-(4-methoxy-benzyl-idene)-1,3,4-thia-diazol-2-amine and mercaptoacetic acid. The thia-zolidinone ring adopts a twist conformation. The 4-methoxy-phenyl ring is almost perpendicular to the thia-diazole ring, making a dihedral angle of 88.4 (3)°. The 4-fluoro-phenyl ring is nearly coplanar with the thia-diazole ring, the dihedral angle being 6.8 (3)°. The crystal structure involves C-H⋯N, C-H⋯O and C-H⋯S hydrogen bonds.

Diethyl {(4-methoxy-phen-yl)[5-(4-nitro-phen-yl)-1,3,4-thia-diazol-2-ylamino]meth-yl}phospho-nate.

The title compound, C(20)H(23)N(4)O(6)PS, was synthesized by the reaction of N-(4-methoxy-benzyl-idene)-5-(4-nitro-phen-yl)-1,3,4-thia-diazol-2-amine and diethyl phosphite. The thia-diazole and nitro-substituted phenyl rings in the mol-ecule are approximately coplanar, the dihedral angle being 5.3 (2)°. The dihedral angle formed by the mean plane through all non-H atoms of both the thia-diazole and the nitro-substituted phenyl ring with the plane of the meth-oxy-substituted phenyl ring is 48.9 (2)°. In the crystal structure, mol-ecules form centrosymmetric dimers as a result of N-H⋯O bonds involving amine H and phosphine oxide O atoms.

2-Meth-oxy-N-[5-(2-methoxy-phen-yl)-1,3,4-thia-diazol-2-yl]benzamide hemi-hydrate.

In the mol-ecule of the title compound, C(17)H(15)N(3)O(3)S·0.5H(2)O, the thia-diazole ring is oriented with respect to the two 2-methoxy-phenyl rings at dihedral angles of 3.70 (3) and 1.74 (2)°. An intra-molecular N-H⋯O hydrogen bond results in the formation of a planar six-membered ring, which is oriented with respect to the thia-diazole ring at a dihedral angle of 1.33 (3)°. Thus, all of the rings are nearly coplanar. In the crystal structure, inter-molecular O-H⋯N and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds link the mol-ecules.

2-(2,4-Dichloro-phen-yl)-3-[5-(3,5-dimethyl-phen-yl)-1,3,4-thia-diazol-2-yl]thia-zolidin-4-one.

The title compound, C(19)H(15)Cl(2)N(3)OS(2), was synthesized by the reaction of N-(2,4-dichloro-phen-yl)-5-(3,5-dimethyl-phen-yl)-1,3,4-thia-diazol-2-amine and mercaptoacetic acid. The thia-zolidinone ring adopts a twist conformation. The 2,4-dichloro-phenyl ring is almost perpendicular to the thia-diazole ring, the dihedral angle being 82.8 (2)°. The 3,5-dimethyl-phenyl ring is nearly coplanar with the thia-diazole ring, the dihedral angle being 2.7 (2)°. An intramolecular C-H⋯N hydrogen bond is present.