Associations between Dietary Variety and Frailty in Community-Dwelling Older People Who Live Alone: Gender Differences.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the influences of living arrangements on the association between dietary variety and frailty by gender in community-dwelling older people. DESIGN: A cross-sectional study. SETTING: Nishinomiya city, Hyogo prefecture, Japan. PARTICIPANTS: A total of 4,996 randomly selected community-dwelling older people aged 65 years and older and living in Nishinomiya City. MEASUREMENTS: Survey questionnaires were distributed via mail. The frailty score was evaluated by the 5-item frailty screening index. Dietary variety was assessed using the dietary variety score developed for the general older Japanese population. RESULTS: A total of 2,764 community-dwelling participants aged ≥ 65 years responded to the questionnaires. After excluding missing data, 1,780 participants were included in the study analysis. The frailty scores in older men living alone were significantly higher than those in older men living with someone (P < 0.001). The dietary variety scores in older men living alone were significantly lower than those in older men living with someone (P < 0.001). However, differences in the frailty and dietary variety scores between living alone and living with someone were not were observed in older women (P = 0.360 and P = 0.265, respectively). In the multivariable regression analysis, the associations between dietary variety score and frailty score in living alone (ß= -0. 271, P = 0.011) were stronger than those in living with someone in the case of older men (ß= -0.131, P = 0.045). Similar associations between dietary variety and frailty were presented in older women living alone than in those living with someone (ß -0.114, P = 0.002; ß -0.088, P = 0.012, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Older men who live alone had higher frailty score and lower dietary variety. The associations between dietary variety and frailty were different according to living arrangements in both older men and older women.

Relationship between Economic Security and Self-Rated Health in Elderly Japanese Residents Living Alone.

OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to assess the relationship between economic security and self-rated health for elderly Japanese residents living alone. DESIGN: A secondary analysis of a cross-sectional study. SETTING: N City, H. Prefecture, Japan. PARTICIPANTS: Survey questionnaires were distributed to 2,985 elderly residents living alone, aged ≥70 years, of which, 1,939 (65.0%) were returned and treated as valid responses. MEASUREMENTS: The survey included questions about gender, age, number of years spent in N City, self-rated health, economic security, number of years spent living alone, reason for living alone, life satisfaction, cooking frequency, frequency of seeing a doctor, long-term care service usage, as well as whether they enjoyed their lives, participated in social organizations. RESULTS: Of the respondents, 1,563 (80.6%) reported that they were economically secure, and 376 (19.4%) responded that they were insecure. The odds ratio predicting poor self-rated health for the economically insecure participants was significantly high (odds ratio: 3.19, 95%, Confidence Interval (CI): 2.53-4.02, and P < 0.001). Similarly, the adjusted odds ratio for poor self-rated health was significantly high for the economically insecure participants in multivariate analyses controlling for factors such as age, gender, cooking frequency, and social participation (adjusted odds ratio: 2.21, 95%, CI: 1.70-2.88, and P < 0.001). Furthermore, a similar trend was observed in stratified analyses based on gender and age groups. CONCLUSION: Economic security predicted self-rated health independently of confounders, including social participation and cooking frequency, among the elderly Japanese living alone in communities.