Quantitative Evaluation of MDP-Ca Salt and DCPD after Application of an MDP-based One-step Self-etching Adhesive on Enamel and Dentin.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effects of an experimental 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP)-based one-step self-etching adhesive (EX adhesive) applied to enamel and dentin on the production of calcium salt of MDP (MDP-Ca salt) and dicalcium phosphate dehydrate (DCPD) at various periods. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The EX adhesive was prepared. Bovine enamel and dentin reactants were prepared by varying the application period of the EX adhesive: 0.5, 1, 5, 30, 60 and 1440 min. Enamel and dentin reactants were analyzed using x-ray diffraction and solid-state phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance (31P NMR). Curvefitting analyses of corresponding 31P NMR spectra were performed. RESULTS: Enamel and dentin developed several types of MDP-Ca salts and DCPDs with amorphous and crystalline phases throughout the application period. The predominant molecular species of MDP-Ca salt was determined as the monocalcium salt of the MDP monomer. Dentin showed a faster production rate and greater produced amounts of MDP-Ca salt than did enamel, since enamel showed a knee-point in the production rate of the MDP-Ca salt at the application period of 5 min. In contrast, enamel developed greater amounts of DCPD than did dentin and two types of DCPDs with different crystalline phases at application periods > 30 min. The amounts of MDP-Ca salt developed during the 30-s application of the EX adhesive on enamel and dentin were 7.3 times and 21.2 times greater than DCPD, respectively. CONCLUSION: The MDP-based one-step adhesive yielded several types of MDP-Ca salts and DCPD with an amorphous phase during the 30-s application period on enamel and dentin.

Determination of molecular species of calcium salts of MDP produced through decalcification of enamel and dentin by MDP-based one-step adhesive.

Enamel and dentin particles were added to an experimental 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP)-based one-step adhesive to react for 30 s. After enamel and dentin reactants were analyzed using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance ((31)P NMR) techniques, curve-fitting analysis was performed on the (31)P NMR spectra of enamel and dentin reactants. By varying the molar ratio of calcium chloride to MDP, a series of three types of MDP-Ca salts were synthesized. The molecular species of calcium salts of MDP (MDP-Ca salts) produced by decalcification of enamel or dentin were determined based on the XRD and (31)P NMR analysis results of these three types of synthesized MDP-Ca salts. Curve-fitting analysis showed that enamel and dentin developed several types of MDP-Ca salts and amorphous dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) during decalcification. The molecular species of MDP-Ca salts produced by enamel and dentin were mono-calcium salts of MDP monomer and MDP dimer. In addition, dentin produced a di-calcium of MDP dimer.

Intestinal metaplasia in Barrett's oesophagus may be an epiphenomenon rather than a preneoplastic condition, and CDX2-positive cardiac-type epithelium is associated with minute Barrett's tumour.

AIMS: Although intestinal-type epithelium in Barrett's oesophagus has been traditionally recognized as having a distinct malignant potential, whether this also holds true for cardiac-type epithelium remains controversial. The aim of this study was to identify a type of epithelium that is highly associated with Barrett's tumour. METHODS AND RESULTS: We analysed tumours and the corresponding background mucosa with special regard to tumour size in 40 cases of superficial Barrett's tumour by using immunohistochemical staining for CDX2, CD10, MUC2, MUC5AC, and MUC6. Intestinal metaplasia in tumour-adjacent mucosa was not associated with tumour size, but was significantly correlated with the extent of Barrett's oesophagus (P < 0.001). The majority (69.2%, 9/13) of small tumours (≤10 mm) had no intestinal metaplasia in adjacent non-neoplastic mucosae. Minute (≤5 mm) tumours were significantly associated with a gastric immunophenotype (P < 0.001). Purely gastric-immunophenotype tumour cells expressed CDX2, and cardiac-type epithelium adjacent to small tumours also showed low-level CDX2 expression. CONCLUSIONS: Our data suggest that intestinal metaplasia in Barrett's oesophagus is an epiphenomenon rather than a preneoplastic condition, and that CDX2-positive cardiac-type epithelium is highly associated with minute Barrett's tumour. Further prospective studies are needed to evaluate the risk of malignancy of cardiac-type epithelium with regard to sub-morphological intestinalization.

Novel reassortant influenza A(H1N2) virus derived from A(H1N1)pdm09 virus isolated from swine, Japan, 2012.

We isolated a novel influenza virus A(H1N2) strain from a pig on January 13, 2012, in Gunma Prefecture, Japan. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the strain was a novel type of double-reassortant virus derived from the swine influenza virus strains H1N1pdm09 and H1N2, which were prevalent in Gunma at that time.

Prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in wild boars (Sus scrofa leucomystax) and pigs in Gunma Prefecture, Japan.

The prevalence of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection in wild boars and pigs in Gunma Prefecture, Japan, was serologically and genetically examined. The positive detection rates of anti-HEV IgG and HEV RNA in the wild boars were 4.5% (4/89) and 1.1% (1/89), whereas those in the pigs were 74.6% (126/169) and 1.8% (3/169), respectively. The positive rates of anti-HEV IgG and HEV RNA on the 17 pig farms in the present study ranged from 20% to 100%, respectively. One male wild boar approximately 5 years of age was positive for HEV RNA but was negative for anti-HEV IgG. Three pigs from 2 farms were positive for HEV RNA; 2 of these pigs were negative for HEV IgG, and the other was positive. A phylogenetic analysis revealed that all of the HEV ORF1 genes detected in the present study belonged to genotype III. In Gunma Prefecture, HEV is highly prevalent and widespread, and uncooked wild boar and pig meat may have the potential to transmit HEV to humans.

[Professionalization of public health officers in Japan].

In this paper, I describe how public health officers in Japan in the period of the late Taisho and early Showa eras claimed their position as professionals in the sanitary administrations of central and local governments. In the background of this push for recognition, there were related international and national movements. Internationally, public health ministries were established in developed countries and the League of Nations Health Organization (LNHO) was created. LNHO wanted to improve the level of public health officials world-wide, so the organization sponsored international exchanges of officials. These activities made a strong impression on Japanese public health officials, who realized that they belonged to an internationally recognized profession and that they needed to work hard to improve the substandard Japanese public health situation. Meanwhile, at the level of domestic politics, there were several movements of technical experts in different fields of government administration that worked to fight the unfair treatment of administrative officials, a situation that had existed since Meiji Period. The public health officers collaborated with the other technical experts to improve their positions and to play key roles in society. But while the other technical experts actively pursued social leadership, public health officials wanted to remain scientists. This is because the sanitary departments in the local governments were organized within police departments. In this environment, the law was dominant and science was secondary. But public health officials insisted that the basis of public health should be science, so they emphasized their scientific expertise.

Frequência de anticorpos para os vírus da influenza tipos A e B, em habitantes da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, em 1982 / Frequency of antibodies against type A and B influenza virus in inhabitants of the city of Säo Paulo, Brazil, in 1982

Em fevereiro de 1982, foram colhidos 180 soros de 180 habitantes da cidade de São Paulo, de diferentes grupos etários, e realizadas titulaçôes de anticorpos inibi dores da hemaglutinação para os vírus da influenza tipos A e B. Os resultados obtidos com a estirpe A/Swine/Iowa/15/30 (H,N 1) em pessoas do grupo etário acima de 60 anos, e A/PR/8/34 (H,N ,), no grupo etário de 40 a 49 anos, revelaram percentagem elevada de soros positivos, determinados por infecção primária anterior por estes vírus ou variantes. Nos resultados obtidos com a estirpe A/Kumamoto/37/79 (H1N,), a elevada percentagem de soros positivos foi observada em habitantes dos grupos etários de 10 a 19 anos e 40 a 49 anos, indicando que cada grupo sofreu infecção primária pelo subtipo H,N 1 em 1977 e de 1947 a 1957, respectivamente. O vírus antigenicamente relacionado ao subtipo H,N. não circulou na população estudada desde a sua última pandemia ocorrida em 1957. Quanto à positividade de soros para os subtipos H3N21 A/Bangkok/1!79 (H3 N.) e A/Shiga/114/82 (H3 N.) esta se deveu provavelmente às reações cruzadas entre as variantes antigênicas desse subtipo (H,N.). A variante de influenza antigenicamente relacionada a B/Shiga/1/71 e B/Kanagawa/3/76 circulou em São Paulo nestes últimos anos. Porém, os resultados obtidos com a estirpe B/Shiga/75/81 demonstraram percentagens de soros positivos e médias geométricas baixas, significando que nenhuma variante relacionada a essa estirpe, até o momento, circulou nesta população (AU).

Anticorpos neutralizantes para adenovírus tipos 1 a 7 em habitantes da cidade de São Paulo, Brasil, em 1982 / Neutralizing antibodies for types 1 to 7 adenovirus in habitants of the city of Säo Paulo, Brazil

Foram pesquisados anticorpos neutralizantes para adenovírus tipos 1 a 7, em 180 soros de 180 indivíduos residentes na cidade de São Paulo, de diferentes grupos etários, colhidos em fevereiro de 1982. Os resultados mostraram que 53,3% dos doadores possuíam anticorpos para os tipos 1, 2, 3 e 5; 88,9% a 100% de indivíduos, com mais de 5 anos de idade, tinham anticorpos para adenovírus tipos 1 e 2. Quanto ao tipo 3 e 5, verificou-se elevação gradual, grupo a grupo, com percentagem um pouco menor que a dos tipos 1 e 2; porém, 71,9% a 92,8% dos indivíduos acima de 20 anos, possuíam anticorpos para os tipos 3 e 5. Em relação aos tipos 4 e 6, nas faixas etárias acima de 5 anos, a média foi de 50% "', para o tipo 7, aproximadamente de 20%. Foi verificado que 40% das crianças do grupo etário de O a 4 anos, não possuíam anticorpos para os 7 tipos de adenovírus estudados, e que 72,8% dos indivíduos acima de 10 anos possuíam anticorpos para 4-6 tipos diferentes de adenovírus (AU).