Oral sustained-release suspension based on a lauryl sulfate salt/complex.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of lauryl sulfate (LS) salt/complex as a novel carrier in oral sustained-release suspensions. Mirabegron, which has a pH-dependent solubility, was selected as the model drug. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) was bound to mirabegron in a stoichiometric manner to form an LS salt/complex. LS salt/complex formulation significantly reduced the solubility of mirabegron and helped mirabegron achieve sustained-release over a wide range of pH conditions. Microparticles containing the LS salt/complex were prepared by spray drying with the aqueous dispersion of ethylcellulose (Aquacoat® ECD). The diameter of the microparticles was less than 200µm, which will help avoid a gritty taste. In vitro results indicated the microparticles had slower dissolution profiles than the LS salt/complex. The dissolution rate could be controlled flexibly by changing the amount of Aquacoat® ECD. The microparticle suspension retained the desired sustained-release property and dissolution profile after being stored for 30days at 40°C. In addition, the suspension displayed sustained-release behavior in dogs without a pronounced Cmax peak, which will help prevent side effects. These results suggest that microparticles containing LS salt/complex may be useful as a novel sustained-release suspension for oral delivery.

Oral Sustained Release of a Hydrophilic Drug Using the Lauryl Sulfate Salt/Complex.

The objective of this study was to establish the key factor of the lauryl sulfate (LS) salt/complex for sustained release of a hydrophilic drug at various physiological pH levels. Mirabegron is a hydrophilic drug that exhibits pH-dependent solubility. Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) bound to mirabegron in a stoichiometric manner. The formation of the LS salt/complex significantly reduced mirabegron solubility and helped achieve sustained release of mirabegron over a wide range of pH levels. In addition to SLS, other additives containing a sulfate group formed salts/complexes with mirabegron and reduced its solubility at different pH levels. Furthermore, octyl sulfate (OS), myristyl sulfate (MS), and cetyl sulfate (CS) salts/complexes, which contain alkyl chains of different lengths, showed a lower solubility than mirabegron and promoted sustained release of mirabegron. The rank order of solubility and dissolution rate were as follows: OS salt/complex>LS salt/complex>MS salt/complex>CS salt/complex, which corresponded to the rank of alkyl chain lengths. We conclude that the presence of a sulfate group and the length of the alkyl chain are key factors of the LS salt/complex for sustained release of a hydrophilic drug at various physiological pH levels.

Effect of aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer E/HCl on in vivo absorption of poorly water-soluble drug.

This study aimed to investigate in vivo absorption of tacrolimus formulated as a solid dispersion using Eudragit E®/HCl (E-SD). E-SD is an aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymer that can be dissolved under neutral pH conditions. E-SD was used alone as a solid dispersion carrier and/or was mixed with tacrolimus primarily dispersed with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC). Tacrolimus was formulated with E-SD at several different ratios. Formulations with tacrolimus/E-SD ratio of 1/3 showed higher in vivo absorption, compared to tacrolimus dispersed in the excipients (primarily HPMC) found in commercially available tacrolimus capsules, using a rat in situ closed loop method. Good correlation was observed between in vitro drug solubility and in vivo drug absorption. In vitro solubility tests and rat oral absorption studies of tacrolimus/HPMC solid dispersion formulations were also conducted after mixing the HPMC dispersion with several ratios of E-SD. E-SD/tacrolimus/HPMC formulations yielded high in vitro drug solubility but comparatively low in vivo absorption. Dog oral absorption studies were conducted using capsules containing a formulation of tacrolimus/E-SD at a ratio of 1/5. The E-SD formulation-containing capsule showed higher in vivo drug absorption than tacrolimus dispersed in the standard HPMC capsule. These studies report enhancement of the in vivo absorption of a poorly water-soluble drug following dispersion with E-SD when compared to formulation in HPMC.

Aminoalkyl methacrylate copolymers for improving the solubility of tacrolimus. I: Evaluation of solid dispersion formulations.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of Eudragit E/HCl (E-SD) on the reprecipitation of a poorly water-soluble drug, tacrolimus. To evaluate the inhibition of reprecipitation of E-SD, reprecipitation studies on tacrolimus were conducted using a dissolution test method. Solubility of tacrolimus was measured at regular intervals in a dissolution media, in which tacrolimus was dissolved in ethanol, and the test media contained additives for inhibiting precipitation. Supersaturation profiles of tacrolimus were observed, and were maintained for 24h only with E-SD. Solid dispersion formulations of tacrolimus prepared with hydroxypropylmethylcellulose (HPMC) or E-SD in different drug/carrier ratios were also investigated. Solid dispersions prepared with E-SD showed higher solubility of tacrolimus compared with that of HPMC. In the E-SD formulation, the drug solubility influences to drug/carrier ratio. The formulation of drug/E-SD (1/5) showed the highest drug solubility. Thus, it may be inferred that a definite drug/carrier ratio exists to increase drug solubility. Further, by mixing E-SD the solid dispersion prepared with HPMC showed enhanced drug solubility.

Extended release of a large amount of highly water-soluble diltiazem hydrochloride by utilizing counter polymer in polyethylene oxides (PEO)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) matrix tablets.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the feasibility of using a counter polymer in polyethylene oxide (PEO)/polyethylene glycol (PEG) polymeric matrices for the sustained release of a large amount of highly water-soluble drug. PEO/PEG matrix tablets (CR-A) containing four drugs with different water solubilities were prepared to investigate the effect of drug solubility on the drug-release and diffusion properties of PEO/PEG matrices. Cross-linked carboxyvinyl polymer (CVP)/PEO/PEG matrix tablets (CR-B) containing a water-soluble drug, diltiazem hydrochloride (DTZ), were also prepared, and their in vitro characteristics were compared with those of CR-A. Their in vitro drug release properties were evaluated using a dissolution test, and the polymeric erosion and drug diffusion properties of the matrices were also calculated. Drugs with higher solubility in water were released faster for the CR-A. The drug-release rate also increased with the amount of drug loaded. CR-A containing 50% DTZ (by weight) extended drug release by only 6h. This confirms the difficulty experienced when trying to formulate PEO/PEG matrices for the sustained release of a large amount of highly water-soluble drugs due to large drug diffusion. In an attempt to control this issue, a polymer bearing a charge opposite that of the drug was used to effectively decrease the diffusion of DTZ, resulting in sustained release for 24h or longer. These results suggested that including counter polymer in the PEO/PEG matrix tablet is a useful tool for achieving the sustained release of a large amount of highly water-soluble drug.

Timed-release formulation to avoid drug-drug interaction between diltiazem and midazolam.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the use of a timed-release (TR) drug formulation can avoid unfavorable pharmacokinetic drug-drug interactions in vivo. First, the effects of the time interval between administration of midazolam and diltiazem on the known drug-drug interaction between these drugs were investigated in dogs. When dogs were given midazolam orally at the same time they were orally given an aqueous diltiazem solution, the area under the plasma concentration-time curves of midazolam increased significantly compared with that of midazolam given orally in the absence of diltiazem. However, there was no significant difference in pharmacokinetics of midazolam when the diltiazem solution was administered 1-2 h after midazolam. Tests on a TR formulation containing diltiazem demonstrated that the first appearance of diltiazem in plasma occurs at 2.6 +/- 0.5 h in dogs. Subsequent tests showed that the plasma concentration-time profile of midazolam after concurrent oral administration of the diltiazem TR formulation was almost the same as that of midazolam administered alone. These results demonstrate that a TR formulation of diltiazem can avoid the interaction between diltiazem and midazolam by creating a time interval between absorption of drugs in vivo, without the need for closely controlling the time of drug administration.