Resident physicians physical activity during on-call shifts: smartphone-based assessment.

BACKGROUND: Physical activity of resident physicians (RPs) during on-call shifts is difficult to objectively evaluate. The integration of smartphones in our daily routines may allow quantitative assessment, employing pedometric assessment. AIMS: To evaluate the number of steps that RPs walk during on-call shifts as a marker of physical activity by using smartphone-based pedometers. METHODS: Step counts were collected from 100 RPs' smartphones who volunteered to participate in the study between January 2018 and May 2019. The conversion rate was 1400 steps = 1 km (application's default). A shift was defined as regular morning work followed by an in-house on-call stay, totalling 26 hours. Statistical analyses included univariate and multivariate linear mixed models, and Fisher exact test. A P-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: The average walking distance was 12 118 steps (8.6 km/RP/shift). Paediatric intensive care unit and neurosurgery residents recorded the longest walking distances 16 347 and 15 630 steps (11.67 and 11.16 km/shift), respectively. Radiology residents walked the shortest distances 4718 steps (3.37 km/shift). Physically active RPs walked significantly longer distances during their shifts than non-physically active RPs: 12 527 steps versus 11 384 steps (8.95 versus 8.13 km/shift, P < 0.05), respectively. Distances covered during weekday shifts were longer than weekend shifts: 12 092 steps versus 11 570 steps (8.63 versus 8.26 km/shift, P < 0.05), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Smartphone-based pedometers can aid in analysing physical activity and workload during on-call shifts; such information can be valuable for human resource department, occupational health authorities and medical students with impaired physical mobility when choosing a speciality.

The very-high-risk prostate cancer: a contemporary update.

BACKGROUND: Treatment of high-risk prostate cancer has evolved considerably over the past two decades, yet patients with very-high-risk features may still experience poor outcome despite aggressive therapy. We review the contemporary literature focusing on current definitions, role of modern imaging and treatment alternatives in very-high-risk prostate cancer. METHODS: We searched the MEDLINE database for all clinical trials or practice guidelines published in English between 2000 and 2016, with the following search terms: 'prostatic neoplasms' (MeSH Terms) AND ('high risk' (keyword) OR 'locally advanced' (keyword) OR 'node positive' (keyword)). Abstracts pertaining to very-high-risk prostate cancer were evaluated and 40 pertinent studies served as the basis for this review. RESULTS: The term 'very'-high-risk prostate cancer remains ill defined. The European Association of Urology and National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines provide the only available definitions, categorizing those with clinical stage T3-4 or minimal nodal involvement as very high risk irrespective of PSA level or biopsy Gleason score. Modern imaging with multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography-prostate-specific membrane antigen scans has a role in pre-treatment assessment. Local definitive therapy by external beam radiation combined with androgen deprivation is supported by several randomized clinical trials, whereas the role of surgery in the very-high-risk setting combined with adjuvant radiation/androgen deprivation therapy is emerging. Growing evidence suggest neoadjuvant taxane-based chemotherapy in the context of a multimodal approach may be beneficial. CONCLUSIONS: Men with very-high-risk tumors may benefit from local definitive treatment in the setting of a multimodal regimen, offering local control and possibly cure in well selected patients. Further studies are necessary to better characterize the 'very'-high-risk category and determine the optimal therapy for the individual patient.

Aseptic meningitis and adult respiratory distress syndrome caused by Borrelia persica.

INTRODUCTION: The occurrence of some of the clinical complications of tickborne relapsing fever varies with Borrelia species. For example, adult respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), a newly reported complication, was described so far only with B. hermsii infection. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A previously healthy young Israeli man was admitted for fever and headache and was diagnosed as aseptic meningitis. Shortly before the lumbar puncture was performed he started to experience shortness of breath and developed acute respiratory insufficiency necessitating mechanical ventilation. Radiography, which was normal on admission, demonstrated bilateral lung infiltrates consistent with ARDS. Spirochetes suggestive of Borrelia were seen on a thick blood smear preparation, and polymerase chain reaction was positive for B. persica. CONCLUSION: This is the first reported case of ARDS in association with Borrelia spp. occurring outside the U.S.A. and the first one due to B. persica infection.

Early initiation of aspirin after prostate and transurethral bladder surgeries is not associated with increased incidence of postoperative bleeding: a prospective, randomized trial.

PURPOSE: Lower urinary tract operations are being increasingly performed in elderly patients, in whom aspirin intake is common for preventing cardiovascular disease. We determined the safety of early aspirin re-initiation after lower urinary tract surgeries. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A randomized, open label clinical trial was done. The study cohort included patients referred for transurethral prostatectomy, open prostatectomy and transurethral resection of bladder tumor while receiving aspirin prophylaxis. After controlling for surgical modality patients were randomized into 2 arms, including aspirin treatment initiation 24 hours after discontinuing of bladder irrigation (early treatment group) and aspirin treatment initiation 3 weeks after surgery (late treatment group). Primary end points were pre-discharge hematuria necessitating the restoration of bladder irrigation or the cessation of aspirin treatment and late hematuria treated in an urgent care setting, requiring hospital admission or compelling the cessation of aspirin treatment. RESULTS: A total of 120 patients were enrolled, including 60 per treatment group. There were no significant differences between the groups in surgery related factors that could have affected postoperative bleeding. Primary end points were attained by 16 of the 120 patients (13.6%), including 10 of the 60 (16.7%) in the early treatment group and 6 (10%) in the late treatment group (p = 0.28). Time to catheter removal and persistent hematuria duration were similar in the 2 groups. Cardiovascular morbidity was noted in 3 of 120 patients, of whom all were assigned to the early treatment group. CONCLUSIONS: Early aspirin initiation after lower urinary tract surgeries does not appear to carry an increased risk of postoperative bleeding. Thus, it may be considered in patients at high risk for cardiovascular morbidity.

Influenza vaccine coverage in paediatric population from central Israel.

OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to estimate the influenza vaccine coverage among children attending paediatric ER. METHODS: The parents of patients attending paediatric ER during the winter of 2003-2004 were inquired about their children's influenza vaccination status, whether the vaccine was recommended by the primary paediatrician recommendation, the medical history, and about several epidemiological details. RESULTS: Total of 557 questionnaires were completed. Mean age was 5.8 years. Only 23 of the 557 patients were vaccinated (4.1% coverage). Vaccine coverage in the 107 children from high risk groups was 6.5% and vaccination rate in the 144 infants aged 6-24 months was 2.7%. Influenza vaccine was recommended by the primary paediatricians in 59 cases (10.6%). Vaccine was recommended to 22.4% of patients from high risk groups, to 7.6% of infants aged 6-24 months of age and to 7.8% of the other children. CONCLUSIONS: Influenza vaccine coverage among Israeli children is low, including patients from high-risk groups, and awareness of the primary paediatricians seems to be unsatisfactory.

Detrusor resistive index evaluated by Doppler ultrasonography as a potential indicator of bladder outlet obstruction.

OBJECTIVES: To appraise detrusor blood flow by Doppler ultrasonography in men with suspected bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) to determine whether this imaging technique provides useful information for the assessment of BOO. Experimental studies have shown that BOO is associated with reduced blood flow to the detrusor. METHODS: Twenty-nine consecutive men with lower urinary tract symptoms were prospectively enrolled. A urodynamic pressure-flow study was performed by the urologist to determine BOO, and Doppler ultrasonography was subsequently performed by the radiologist. The physicians were unaware of the other's results. Scanning was performed on a filled and empty bladder. Arterial blood flow was measured at three distinct sites, the two lateral walls and the trigone, and the resistive index (RI) of each site was calculated (RI = (V(MAX) - V(MIN))/V(MAX)). For each patient, the arithmetic average of the three RIs was defined as the detrusor RI. The findings were compared between patients with and without evidence of BOO. A logistic regression model tested the predictive value of the RI. RESULTS: According to the pressure-flow study results, 22 (75%) and 7 (25%) of the 29 patients were diagnosed as having or not having BOO, respectively. A statistically significant difference was found between the detrusor RI in the obstructed versus nonobstructed patients in both full (P <0.001) and empty (P <0.03) bladder states (0.79 versus 0.68 and 0.74 versus 0.66, respectively). Our logistic regression model predicted BOO with an overall accuracy of 86%, positive predictive value of 95%, and negative predictive value of 57%. CONCLUSIONS: The RI of arterial blood flow in the detrusor measured by Doppler ultrasonography provides important predictive information for the presence of BOO. Additional studies are warranted to validate our results and explore the role of Doppler ultrasonography in the management paradigms of patients with suspected BOO.

Predicting the success of retrograde stenting for managing ureteral obstruction.

PURPOSE: Retrograde ureteral stenting is often considered the first line option for relieving ureteral obstruction when temporary drainage is indicated. Several retrospective studies have implied that in cases of extrinsic obstruction retrograde ureteral stenting may fail and, therefore, percutaneous nephrostomy drainage is required. We examined the efficacy of retrograde ureteral stenting for resolving ureteral obstruction and identified clinical and radiological parameters predicting failure. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Enrolled in our prospective study were 92 consecutive patients with ureteral obstruction, which was bilateral in 8. Retrograde ureteral stenting was attempted in all cases by the urologist on call. When stent insertion failed, drainage was achieved by percutaneous nephrostomy. Patients were followed at 3-week intervals for 3 months. Each followup visit included a medical interview, blood evaluation, urine culture and ultrasound. Stent malfunction was defined as continuous flank pain manifesting as recurrent episodes of acute renal colic, 1 or more episodes of pyelonephritis, persistent hydronephrosis or elevated creatinine. Preoperative data and outcomes were compared in cases of intrinsic and extrinsic obstruction. Univariate and multivariate analysis was done to identify predictors of the failure of ureteral stent insertion and long-term function. RESULTS: The etiology of obstruction was intrinsic in 61% of patients and extrinsic in 39%. Extrinsic obstruction, which was associated with a greater degree of hydronephrosis, was located more distal. Retrograde ureteral stenting was successful in 94% and 73% of patients with intrinsic and extrinsic obstruction, respectively. At the 3-month followup stent function was maintained in all patients with intrinsic obstruction but in only 56.4% with extrinsic obstruction. On multivariate logistic regression the type of obstruction, level of obstruction and degree of hydronephrosis were the only predictors of stent function at 3 months. Stent diameter and preoperative creatinine had no predictive value. CONCLUSIONS: Retrograde ureteral stenting is a good solution for most acutely obstructed ureters. In patients with extrinsic ureteral obstruction a more distal level of obstruction and higher degree of hydronephrosis are associated with a greater likelihood of stent failure. These patients may be better served by percutaneous drainage.

The effect of cholinergic enhancement during filling cystometry: can edrophonium chloride be used as a provocative test for overactive bladder?

PURPOSE: Overactive bladder, a highly prevalent disorder, is suspected of having a low detection rate due to the lack of sensitive diagnostic tools. Recent studies imply the involvement of the cholinergic system in the pathophysiological mechanism underlying overactive bladder. We determined whether in vivo enhancement of cholinergic activity with edrophonium chloride, a potent cholinesterase inhibitor, would serve as a provocative maneuver to increase the sensitivity of filling cystometry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 27 patients underwent a multichannel video urodynamic evaluation, followed by filling cystometry with the intravenous administration of 10 mg. edrophonium chloride. The response to edrophonium was defined as a significant change in sensation and decreased bladder capacity, the induction or amplification of involuntary detrusor contractions, or significantly decreased detrusor compliance. Findings were compared in responders and nonresponders. RESULTS: We identified 11 responders and 16 nonresponders. A response was noted in 78% of the patients with the symptomatology of overactive bladder but in none with no specific complaints suggesting bladder overactivity. In 7 of the 12 responders (64%) baseline cystometry was interpreted as normal. In 6 of the 11 responders (54%) uninhibited urinary leakage was observed in response to edrophonium. There were no serious adverse reactions to the drug. CONCLUSIONS: This preliminary study implies that edrophonium may serve as a novel, practical and safe drug for provocative cystometry. By significantly increasing cystometry sensitivity the drug would facilitate the identification of the subset of patients with overactive bladder who are currently classified with sensory urgency.

Bladder neck involvement at radical prostatectomy: positive margins or advanced T4 disease?

OBJECTIVES: To assess the prognosis of patients with bladder neck (BN) involvement in radical prostatectomy specimens and compare it with patients with seminal vesicle invasion (SVI) presumed to have an inferior stage according to the TNM classification. METHODS: Two hundred eighty-six case files of consecutive radical prostatectomies were reviewed. The records of patients with pathologic BN involvement (pT4a) or SVI (pT3c) were thoroughly analyzed and compared. The mean and median follow-up periods were 30.8 and 35.5 months (range 9 to 40), respectively, for the patients with Stage pT4a and 40.8 and 44.1 months (range 8 to 86), respectively, for the patients with Stage pT3c. Particular attention was paid to the preoperative clinical and pathologic evaluation, the pathologic analysis of the prostatectomy specimen, and the postoperative follow-up data. Progression was defined as a prostate-specific antigen level of 0.2 ng/mL and rising. Adjuvant therapy was not initiated unless prostate-specific antigen failure had occurred. RESULTS: BN involvement was identified in 25 patients (8.7%) and SVI was found in 26 patients (9.1%). In 7 patients (2.4%), the BN was the only site of positive margins. Thirty-six percent of patients with BN involvement and 62% of patients with SVI demonstrated biochemical progression. Disease-free survival and metastasis-free survival rates were significantly better for the patients with Stage pT4a than for the patients with Stage pT3c at 24 and 36 months after surgery. Univariate analysis identified the prostate-specific antigen nadir to be the most significant predictor of prognosis. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, BN involvement in the surgical specimen carried a lower risk of progression than SVI. On the basis of our preliminary results and those in other studies, a conceivable downstaging of BN involvement in the TNM staging system should be considered. Possibly, additional modification of the TNM staging system should be contemplated on the basis of the results of pathologic analysis and prognosis. The significance of BN involvement and the role of adjuvant therapy in this group of patients need further evaluation.

Septic arthritis of the glenohumeral joint. A report of 11 cases and review of the literature.

Eleven cases (6 adults and 5 pediatrics) of shoulder septic arthritis are described, and the English literature from 1960 to 1997 reviewed, for a total of 168 cases. Shoulder septic arthritis is an uncommon and difficult diagnosis requiring a high index of suspicion and early evaluation of the affected shoulder by the clinician. The disease usually involves very young infants or elderly patients (65-75 years old). Associated medical conditions were identified in 60% of the patients and include systemic disorders such as liver diseases, alcoholism, and malignancies in 46%; preceding chronic arthritic disorders in 24%; and associated infectious focus in 13% of the patients. Associated infections were more prevalent in the pediatric population. Intravenous drug abuse appears not to constitute a major risk factor; it was identified in less than 5% of patients. All patients presented with acute shoulder ache or with exacerbation of existing chronic pain in joints previously damaged. Elevated body temperature (over 38 degrees C) appeared in 67% of the adult patients and in over 90% of the pediatric patients. Shoulder arthritis was frequently accompanied by an accelerated erythrocyte sedimentation rate that may rise above 100 mm/hr. Increased white blood cell count was found in approximately 40% of patients. The initial X-rays were frequently normal, while ultrasonography supported the diagnosis in some cases by demonstrating accumulation of fluid inside the joint space. Aspiration of synovial fluid from the affected glenohumeral joint was necessary to evaluate the offending pathogen. False-negative Gram stain appeared in approximately 90% of the patients, whereas synovial fluid cultures demonstrated the pathogen in 88% of patients. Blood cultures were positive in 50% of adult patients and 90% of pediatric patients. The most common isolated pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus, which accounted for 41% of infections. Gram-negative bacilli, which accounted for about 20% of infections, are more prevalent in the pediatric population, especially the neonates. Pyogenic shoulder arthritis should first be treated with intravenous antibiotics, effective at least against staphylococcal infections, until the organisms and sensitivities are identified. Duration of antibiotic therapy should be 3-6 weeks. Unfortunately, our experience in addition to the literature summary does not allow statistical analysis and firm conclusions concerning the best therapeutic approach. However, it appears that in the adult population an operative draining procedure is preferred, whereas in the pediatric population, a closed needle aspiration, if needed at all, is the optimal treatment. With prompt antibiotic therapy and drainage of the shoulder, the patient can be expected to improve clinically, with no serious long-term debilitating effects from the disease.

Resistance to activated protein C: arterial thrombosis associated with autoimmune features.

A 27 year old woman presented with recurrent cerebrovascular strokes in the setting of an ill defined auto-immune disease responsive to corticosteroid therapy. Investigation for a hypercoagulable state revealed activated protein C resistance in the absence of protein C, protein S, or antithrombin III deficiency or anticardiolipin antibodies. Her parents and sibling did not demonstrate APC resistance. This case suggests that activated protein C resistance may be associated with arterial as well as venous thrombotic events and implies that resistance to activated protein C should also be considered in the evaluation of young adults with strokes.

Ischemic hepatitis associated with toxic epidermal necrolysis in a cirrhotic patient treated with cefuroxime.

Ischemic hepatitis is rare in patients with liver cirrhosis and is usually precipitated by hypotension due to gastrointestinal bleeding. We describe a cirrhotic patient who developed ischemic hepatitis as a consequence of toxic epidermal necrolysis (TEN) caused by cefuroxime.

Salmonella infection and pneumonia in a patient with kyphoscoliosis.

Pulmonary involvement is an uncommon extraintestinal manifestation of salmonellosis. We describe a 30 year old man with mental retardation, presenting with salmonella gastroenteritis and bacteremia. An early pneumonia evolving in the clinical setting of severe kyphoscoliosis, suggests that hematogenous spread to the lungs may occur as a result of abnormalities of the chest wall.

Dyslipidaemia in polycystic ovarian syndrome: different groups, different aetiologies?

The objective was to study the pathophysiology of the dyslipidaemia in polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) patients, and to determine how it is related to hyperinsulinaemia, hyperandrogenism and dehydroepiandrosterone sulphate (DHEA-S) concentrations. The lipoprotein lipid profile, anthropometric measurements, endocrine profile and the presence of insulin resistance were evaluated in 31 PCOS patients and 20 age-matched healthy women, who served as controls. PCOS patients had higher fasting insulin concentrations, higher body mass indexes (BMI) and were hyperlipidaemic, with higher total cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) and triglyceride (TG) concentrations. There were no relationships between plasma lipids and anthropometric variables in the patient group as a whole. Insulin-resistant (IR) and non-IR (NIR) PCOS patients were then evaluated separately. Obesity with marked hyperandrogenism were the predominant features in patients with IR. NIR patients were not obese and had significantly less hyperandrogenism. The adrenal androgen DHEA-S was at the upper limit of its normal range in both groups. However, both PCOS subgroups exhibited similar significant abnormalities in terms of their lipid parameters. Insulin and DHEA-S concentrations were positively correlated with total cholesterol, LDL and TG, and negatively correlated with high density lipoprotein, in IR patients. In NIR subjects, insulin was not correlated with any of the lipids and DHEA-S was negatively related to cholesterol and LDL. Anthropometric variables were related to lipids in only the NIR patients. Thus PCOS subjects as a group exhibit dyslipidaemia, characterized by increased total cholesterol, LDL and TG concentrations. When divided into IR and NIR subjects, there were no differences in the degree of lipid abnormalities, despite significant variations in the BMI and androgen status. Thus, in PCOS subjects, dyslipidaemia may occur irrespective of insulin resistance. Insulin and DHEA-S concentrations were positively correlated with an atherogenic lipid profile in the IR group only. As distinct from syndrome X when IR was present, dyslipidaemia was not related to body weight or the waist:hip ratio. In the NIR group there was no relationship between lipids and insulin; DHEA-S, on the other hand, was negatively related to cholesterol and LDL concentrations. Thus, dyslipidaemia in PCOS patients may occur irrespective of insulin resistance, and may have different metabolic aetiologies depending on DHEA-S metabolism. It remains to be seen whether the two types of PCOS are associated with different risks for ischaemic heart disease.

[Leukocytoclastic vasculitis associated with naproxen].

We describe a 62-year-old woman who developed severe, cutaneous, leukocytoclastic vasculitis following administration of Naproxen. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs are widely used by millions for their analgetic as well as anti-inflammatory effects. While side-effects involving the kidney and the gastrointestinal tract are well known, hypersensitivity vasculitis is rarely reported. We report an additional case.