[Development of a Quantitative Model on Adolescent Cyberbullying Victims in Korea: A System Dynamics Approach].

PURPOSE: This study used a system dynamics methodology to identify correlation and nonlinear feedback structures among factors affecting adolescent cyberbullying victims (CV) in Korea and to construct and verify a simulation model. METHODS: Factors affecting CV were identified by reviewing a theoretical background in existing literature and referencing various statistical data. Related variables were identified through content validity verification by an expert group, after which a causal loop diagram (CLD) was constructed based on the variables. A stock-flow diagram (SFD) using Vensim Professional 7.3 was used to establish a CV model. RESULTS: Based on the literature review and expert verification, 22 variables associated with CV were identified and the CLD was prepared. Next, a model was developed by converting the CLD to an SFD. The simulation results showed that the variables such as negative emotions, stress levels, high levels of conflict in schools, parental monitoring, and time spent using new media had the strongest effects on CV. The model's validity was verified using equation check, sensitivity analysis for time-step and simulation with 4 CV adolescent. CONCLUSION: The system dynamics model constructed in this study can be used to develop intervention strategies in schools that are focused on counseling that can prevent cyberbullying and assist in the victims' recovery by formulating a feedback structure and capturing the dynamic changes observed in CV. To prevent cyberbullying, it is necessary to develop more effective strategies such as prevention education, counseling and treatment that considers factors pertaining to the individual, family, school, and media.

Role of Irrational Beliefs and Anger Rumination on Nurses' Anger Expression Styles.

The aim of this study was to identify whether certain cognitive factors, such as irrational beliefs and anger rumination, affect nurses' anger expression styles. A total of 335 nurses employed at four tertiary hospitals in Korea completed surveys between July 29 and September 25, 2015. The surveys included Shortened General Attitude and Belief Scale, the Korean Version of the Anger Rumination Scale, and the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory-Korean version. Results revealed that higher levels of irrational beliefs and anger rumination were associated with more anger-in and anger-out, and less anger-control expressions. Findings indicate that the presence of specific cognitive characteristics could lead to maladaptive anger expressions. Active consideration of these cognitive risk factors is essential when developing anger-management programs for nurses.

Pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma in the hind leg of a Taiwanese macaque (Macaca cyclopis).

An adult, captive Taiwanese monkey (Macaca cyclopis) presented clinically with a large, rapidly growing mass located in the crus of the left hind leg. The overlying skin was severely ulcerated and necrotic. Radiographs suggested an invasive neoplasm in soft tissue with no bone involvement. The animal's clinical condition progressively worsened over the next 3 months until it died. Necropsy revealed that the mass infiltrated the surrounding skeletal muscle with no evidence of distant metastasis. Microscopically, the mass was highly cellular and composed of round to spindle cells with frequent rhabdoid cells characterized by abundant eosinophilic glassy cytoplasmic inclusions and large, bizarre nuclei. Phosphotungstic acid hematoxylin staining failed to reveal distinct cross-striations within the neoplastic cells. Neoplastic cells were strongly positive for smooth muscle actin and vimentin but were negative for sarcomeric actin, myoglobin, desmin, cytokeratin, S100, and lysozyme. The gross, microscopic, and immunohistochemical findings supported the diagnosis of pleomorphic leiomyosarcoma.