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1.
Environ Sci Technol ; 57(48): 19137-19147, 2023 Dec 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37967377

RESUMO

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) and nanofibers (CNF) have been broadly studied as renewable nanomaterials for various applications, including additives in cement and plastics composites. Herein, life cycle inventories for 18 previously examined processes are harmonized, and the impacts of CNC and CNF production are compared with a particular focus on GHG emissions. Findings show wide variations in GHG emissions between process designs, from 1.8-1100 kg CO2-eq/kg nanocellulose. Mechanical and enzymatic processes are identified as the lowest GHG emission methods to produce CNCs and CNFs. For most processes, energy consumption and chemical use are the primary sources of emissions. However, on a mass basis, for all examined production methods and impact categories (except CO emissions), CNC and CNF production emissions are higher than Portland cement and, in most cases, are higher than polylactic acid. This work highlights the need to carefully consider process design to prevent potential high emissions from CNCs and CNF production despite their renewable feedstock, and results show the magnitude of conventional material that must be offset through improved performance for these materials to be environmentally favorable.


Assuntos
Nanofibras , Nanopartículas , Nanoestruturas , Nanopartículas/química , Nanofibras/química , Celulose/química
2.
Soft Matter ; 19(5): 882-891, 2023 Feb 01.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36645088

RESUMO

Concentrated suspensions of particles at volume fractions (ϕ) ≥ 0.5 often exhibit complex rheological behavior, transitioning from shear thinning to shear thickening as the shear stress or shear rate is increased. These suspensions can be extruded to form 3D structures, with non-adsorbing polymers often added as rheology modifiers to improve printability. Understanding how non-adsorbing polymers affect the suspension rheology, particularly the onset of shear thickening, is critical to the design of particle inks that will extrude uniformly. In this work, we examine the rheology of concentrated aqueous suspensions of colloidal alumina particles and the effects of adding non-adsorbing polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP). First, we show that suspensions with ϕalumina = 0.560-0.575 exhibited discontinuous shear thickening (DST), where the viscosity increased by up to two orders of magnitude above an onset stress (τmin). Increasing ϕalumina from 0.550 to 0.575 increased the viscosity and yield stress in the shear thinning regime and decreased τmin. Next, PVP was added at concentrations within the dilute and semi-dilute non-entangled regimes of polymer conformation (ϕPVP = 0.005-0.050) to suspensions with constant ϕalumina = 0.550. DST was observed in all cases and increasing ϕPVP increased the viscosity and yield stress. Interestingly, increasing ϕPVP also increased τmin. We posit that the free PVP chains act as lubricants between alumina particles, increasing the stress needed to induce thickening. Finally, we demonstrate through direct comparisons of suspensions with and without PVP how non-adsorbing polymer addition can extend the extrusion processing window due to the increase in τmin.

3.
ACS Appl Bio Mater ; 2022 Aug 22.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35993822

RESUMO

The main objective of this study was to examine the impact of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) in advanced waterborne wood coatings such as polycarbonate urethane (PCU) and hybrid alkyd varnish (HAV) in terms of coating performance, mechanical properties, optical properties, and water permeation and uptake properties. The influence of CNCs on the overall quality of the various waterborne wood coatings was investigated by incorporating different percentages of CNCs. Varying CNC content in coating formulations showed that CNCs are effective for waterborne wood coatings; CNCs offer both higher scratch and impact resistance as compared to neat coatings and have a significant reduction in water vapor permeation through a film with little increase in water vapor uptake at high concentrations. It was observed that the CNC darkened and reduced gloss in the coatings and viscosified the dispersion. These research findings suggest that CNCs are well-dispersed at lower concentrations, but at high concentrations, agglomeration occurred. Thus, while CNCs can give better mechanical and permeation performances at contents of up to 5 wt %, at 1 wt % CNCs can still provide modest scratch and chip resistance improvement without loss of optical properties (gloss and color) while retaining a similar water uptake. Overall, it can be concluded that CNCs have the potential to be used as a reinforcement filler in high-performance waterborne wood coatings.

4.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-35667027

RESUMO

Lycopene, a natural colorant and antioxidant with a huge growing market, is highly susceptible to photo/thermal degradation, which demands real-time sensors. Hence, here a transparent upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) strip having 30 mol % Yb, 0.1 mol % Tm, and ß-NaYF4 UCNPs, which shows an intense emission at 475 nm, has been developed. This strip has been found to be sensitive to lycopene with a detection limit as low as 10 nM using a smartphone camera, which is due to static quenching that is confirmed by the lifetime study. In comparison to previous paper strips, here the transparent strip has minimal scattering with maximum sensitivity in spite of not using any metal quenchers. An increase in strip hydrophobicity during the fabrication process complements the strip to selectively permeate and present an extraction-free substitute analysis for chromatography. Hydrophobicity endows the strip with the capability to reuse the strip with ∼100% luminescence recovery.

5.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces ; 13(10): 12472-12482, 2021 Mar 17.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33656333

RESUMO

CO2 and O2 gas permeability are paramount concerns in food packaging. Here, the permeability of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) coatings was explored as it relates to varied CNC content. Specifically, this work focuses on the role of PVA in rheology and barrier performance of the CNC films. Results show that shear-casted CNC films are transparent and have a high-order parameter, which is attributed to the shear-thinning behavior of the CNCs. The barrier performance of the CNC films improved because of the synergistic effect of having both alignment of CNCs and a lower free volume. The CNC-PVA films exhibited excellent barrier performance as compared to traditional engineered polymers, even much higher than high barrier ethylene-vinyl alcohol copolymer films. Furthermore, the moisture sensitivity of the films was greatly diminished with the addition of PVA. Overall, the results show applicability of CNC-PVA coating formulations for high barrier packaging applications.

6.
J Mech Behav Biomed Mater ; 118: 104399, 2021 06.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33662741

RESUMO

The mechanical properties of cellulose nanocrystal (CNC) films critically depend on many microstructural parameters such as fiber length distribution (FLD), fiber orientation distribution (FOD), and the strength of the interactions between the fibers. In this paper, we use our coarse-grained molecular model of CNC to study the effect of length and orientation distribution and attractions between CNCs on the mechanical properties of neat CNCs. The effect of misalignment of a 2D staggered structure of CNC with respect to the loading direction was studied with simulations and analytical solutions and then verified with experiments. To understand the effect of FLD and FOD on the mechanical performance, various 3D microstructures representing different case studies such as highly aligned, randomly distributed, short length CNCs and long length CNCs were generated and simulated. According to the misalignment study, three different failure modes: sliding mode, mixed mode, and normal mode were defined. Also, comparing the effects of FOD, FLD, and CNC interaction strength, shows that the adhesion strength is the only parameter that can significantly improve the mechanical properties, regardless of loading direction or FOD of CNCs.


Assuntos
Celulose , Nanopartículas
7.
ACS Nano ; 15(3): 3646-3673, 2021 03 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-33599500

RESUMO

In nature, cellulose nanofibers form hierarchical structures across multiple length scales to achieve high-performance properties and different functionalities. Cellulose nanofibers, which are separated from plants or synthesized biologically, are being extensively investigated and processed into different materials owing to their good properties. The alignment of cellulose nanofibers is reported to significantly influence the performance of cellulose nanofiber-based materials. The alignment of cellulose nanofibers can bridge the nanoscale and macroscale, bringing enhanced nanoscale properties to high-performance macroscale materials. However, compared with extensive reviews on the alignment of cellulose nanocrystals, reviews focusing on cellulose nanofibers are seldom reported, possibly because of the challenge of aligning cellulose nanofibers. In this review, the alignment of cellulose nanofibers, including cellulose nanofibrils and bacterial cellulose, is extensively discussed from different aspects of the driving force, evaluation, strategies, properties, and applications. Future perspectives on challenges and opportunities in cellulose nanofiber alignment are also briefly highlighted.

8.
Adv Mater ; 33(28): e2000718, 2021 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32696496

RESUMO

Cellulose nanomaterials (CNMs) are a class of materials that have recently garnered attention in fields as varied as structural materials, biomaterials, rheology modifiers, construction, paper enhancement, and others. As the principal structural reinforcement of biomass giving wood its mechanical properties, CNM is strong and stiff, but also nontoxic, biodegradable, and sustainable with a very large (Gton yr-1 ) source. Unfortunately, due to the relatively young nature of the field and inherent incompatibility of CNM with most man-made materials in use today, research has tended to be more basic-science oriented rather than commercially applicable, so there are few CNM-enabled products on the market today. Herein, efforts are presented for preparing and forming cellulose nanomaterial nanocomposites. The focus is on recent efforts attempting to mitigate common impediments to practical commercialization but is also placed in context with traditional efforts. The work is presented in terms of the progress made, and still to be made, on solving the most pressing challenges-getting properties that are competitive with currently used materials, removing organic solvent, solving the inherent incompatibility between CNM and polymers of interest, and incorporation into commonly used industrial processing techniques.

9.
Environ Sci Process Impacts ; 22(9): 1828-1841, 2020 Sep 23.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32852018

RESUMO

The in situ manufacture of cured-in-place-pipe (CIPP) plastic liners in damaged sewer pipes is an emerging mobile source of anthropogenic air pollution. Evidence indicates volatile organic compounds (VOCs) can be released before, during, and after manufacture. The chemical composition of a popular uncured styrene-based CIPP resin was examined, along with the VOCs that remained in the new cured composite. The roles of curing temperature and heating time in waste discharged into the air were examined. Uncured resin contained approximately 39 wt% VOCs. Multiple hazardous air pollutants were present, however, 61 wt% of the uncured resin was not chemically identified. A substantial mass of VOCs (8.87 wt%) was emitted into the air during manufacture, and all cured composites contained about 3 wt% VOCs. Some VOCs were created during manufacture. Curing temperature (65.5-93.3 °C) and heating time (25-100 min) did not cause different composite VOC loadings. High styrene air concentrations inhibited the detection of other VOCs in air. It is estimated that tens of tons of VOCs may be emitted at a single CIPP manufacturing site. Regulators should consider monitoring, and potentially regulating, these growing mobile air pollution and volatile chemical product sources as they are operating in urban and rural areas often in close proximity to residential and commercial buildings.


Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Poluição do Ar , Compostos Orgânicos Voláteis/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental , Plásticos
10.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces ; 12(21): 24380-24389, 2020 May 27.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32352751

RESUMO

Cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are of increasing interest for packaging applications because of their biodegradability, low cost, high crystallinity, and high aspect ratio. The objective of this study was to use positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS) to investigate the free volume of CNC films with different structural arrangements (chiral nematic vs shear-oriented CNC films) and relate this information to gas barrier performance. It was found that sheared CNC films with higher CNC alignment have lower free volume and hence have more tortuosity than chiral nematic self-assembled films, which lowers gas diffusion throughout the films. The overall barrier performance of the aligned CNC film obtained in this study has a higher barrier performance than high barrier polymer films like PVOH and EVOH. Furthermore, a modified model was developed for single-component CNC films to predict the gas permeability with variation of CNC alignment with validation by the data taken.

11.
Adv Mater ; 32(26): e1908291, 2020 Jul.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32363647

RESUMO

Hunger and chronic undernourishment impact over 800 million people, which translates to ≈10.7% of the world's population. While countries are increasingly making efforts to reduce poverty and hunger by pursuing sustainable energy and agricultural practices, a third of the food produced around the globe still is wasted and never consumed. Reducing food shortages is vital in this effort and is often addressed by the development of genetically modified produce or chemical additives and inedible coatings, which create additional health and environmental concerns. Herein, a multifunctional bio-nanocomposite comprised largely of egg-derived polymers and cellulose nanomaterials as a conformal coating onto fresh produce that slows down food decay by retarding ripening, dehydration, and microbial invasion is reported. The coating is edible, washable, and made from readily available inexpensive or waste materials, which makes it a promising economic alternative to commercially available fruit coatings and a solution to combat food wastage that is rampant in the world.


Assuntos
Filmes Comestíveis , Armazenamento de Alimentos/métodos , Frutas/química , Nanocompostos/química , Celulose/química , Curcumina/química , Clara de Ovo/química , Gema de Ovo/química , Tensão Superficial , Viscosidade
12.
J Hazard Mater ; 371: 540-549, 2019 06 05.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30877867

RESUMO

Cured-in-place-pipes (CIPP) are plastic liners chemically manufactured inside existing damaged sewer pipes. They are gaining popularity in North America, Africa, Asia, Europe, and Oceania. Volatile and semi-volatile organic compound (VOC/SVOC) emissions from storm sewer CIPP installations were investigated at a dedicated outdoor research site. Tedlar bag, sorbent tube, and photoionization detector (PID) air sampling was conducted for five steam-CIPP installations and was coupled with composite characterizations. New CIPPs contained up to 2.21 wt% volatile material and only 6-31% chemical mass extracted per CIPP was identified. Each 6.1 m [20 ft] liner contained an estimated 5-10 kg [11-22 lbs] of residual chemical. Extracted chemicals included hazardous air pollutants and suspected and known carcinogens that were not reported by others. These included monomers, monomer oxidation products, antioxidants, initiator degradation products, and a plasticizer. PID signals did not accurately represent styrene air concentration differing sometimes by 10s- to 1000s-fold. Multiple VOCs found in air samples likely affected PID responses. Styrene (>86.4 ppmv) and methylene chloride (>1.56 ppmv) air concentrations were likely greater onsite and phenol was also detected. Additional studies are needed to examine pollutant emissions so process monitoring can be improved, and environment impacts and associated human exposures can be minimized.

13.
Environ Pollut ; 245: 1031-1040, 2019 Feb.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30682737

RESUMO

Storm water culverts are integral for U.S. public safety and welfare, and their mechanical failure can cause roadways to collapse. To repair these buried assets, ultraviolet (UV) light cured-in-place-pipes (CIPP) are being installed. Chemical emission and residual material left behind from the installation process was investigated in New York and Virginia, USA. Samples of an uncured resin tube and field-cured styrene-based resin CIPPs were collected and analyzed. Also collected were air and water samples before, during, and after installations. Chemicals were emitted into air because of the installation and curing processes. Particulates emitted into the air, water, and soil contained fiberglass, polymer, and contaminants, some of which are regulated by state-level water quality standards. The uncured resin tube contained more than 70 chemical compounds, and 19 were confirmed with analytical standards. Compounds included known and suspected carcinogens, endocrine disrupting compounds, hazardous air pollutants, and other compounds with little aquatic toxicity data available. Compounds (14 of 19 confirmed) were extracted from the newly installed CIPPs, and 11 were found in water samples. Aqueous styrene (2.31 mg/L), dibutyl phthalate (12.5 µg/L), and phenol (16.7 µg/L) levels exceeded the most stringent state water quality standards chosen in this study. Styrene was the only compound that was found to have exceed a 48 h aquatic toxicity threshold. Newly installed CIPPs contained a significant amount volatile material (1.0 to > 9.0 wt%). Recommendations provided can reduce chemical emission, as well as improve worksite and environmental protection practices. Recommended future research is also described.


Assuntos
Poluentes Atmosféricos/análise , Monitoramento Ambiental/métodos , Plásticos/química , Raios Ultravioleta , Poluentes Químicos da Água/análise , Água/química , Vidro/química , Vidro/efeitos da radiação , New York , Plásticos/efeitos da radiação , Estireno/química , Estireno/efeitos da radiação , Virginia
14.
Nanoscale Adv ; 1(3): 1045-1054, 2019 Mar 12.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36133204

RESUMO

Tunable plasmonic structure at the nanometer scale presents enormous opportunities for various photonic devices. In this work, we present a hybrid plasmonic thin film platform: i.e., a vertically aligned Au nanopillar array grown inside a TiN matrix with controllable Au pillar density. Compared to single phase plasmonic materials, the presented tunable hybrid nanostructures attain optical flexibility including gradual tuning and anisotropic behavior of the complex dielectric function, resonant peak shifting and change of surface plasmon resonances (SPRs) in the UV-visible range, all confirmed by numerical simulations. The tailorable hybrid platform also demonstrates enhanced surface plasmon Raman response for Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and photoluminescence (PL) measurements, and presents great potentials as designable hybrid platforms for tunable optical-based chemical sensing applications.

15.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces ; 11(1): 1376-1383, 2019 Jan 09.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30566328

RESUMO

Cellulose nanomaterials are promising materials for the polymer industry due to their abundance and renewability. In packaging applications, these materials may impart enhanced gas barrier performance due to their high crystallinity and polarity. In this work, low barrier to superior gas barrier pristine nanocellulose films were produced using a shear-coating technique to obtain a range of anisotropic films. Induction of anisotropy in a nanocellulose film can control the overall free volume of the system which effectively controls the gas diffusion path; hence, controlled anisotropy results in tunable barrier properties of the nanocellulose films. The highest anisotropy materials showed a maximum of 900-fold oxygen barrier improvement compared to the isotropic arrangement of nanocellulose film. The Bharadwaj model of nanocomposite permeability was modified for pure nanoparticles, and the CNC data were fitted with good agreement. Overall, the oxygen barrier performance of anisotropic nanocellulose films was 97 and 27 times better than traditional barrier materials such as biaxially oriented poly(ethylene terephthalate) (BoPET) and ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer (EVOH), respectively, and thus could be utilized for oxygen-sensitive packaging applications.

16.
Adv Mater ; 30(43): e1802123, 2018 Oct.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30159935

RESUMO

There is an increasing interest in hierarchical design and additive manufacturing (AM) of cement-based materials. However, the brittle behavior of these materials and the presence of interfaces from the AM process currently present a major challenge. Contrary to the commonly adopted approach in AM of cement-based materials to eliminate the interfaces in 3D-printed hardened cement paste (hcp) elements, this work focuses on harnessing the heterogeneous interfaces by employing novel architectures (based on bioinspired Bouligand structures). These architectures are found to generate unique damage mechanisms, which allow inherently brittle hcp materials to attain flaw-tolerant properties and novel performance characteristics. It is hypothesized that combining heterogeneous interfaces with carefully designed architectures promotes such damage mechanisms as, among others, interfacial microcracking and crack twisting. This, in turn, leads to damage delocalization in brittle 3D-printed architectured hcp and therefore results in quasi-brittle behavior, enhanced fracture and damage tolerance, and unique load-displacement response, all without sacrificing strength. It is further found that in addition to delocalization of the cracks, the Bouligand architectures can also enhance work of failure and inelastic deflection of the architectured hcp elements by over 50% when compared to traditionally cast elements from the same materials.


Assuntos
Impressão Tridimensional , Teste de Materiais , Cimentos de Resina
17.
ChemSusChem ; 11(14): 2375-2381, 2018 Jul 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-29845736

RESUMO

Li-S batteries have received tremendous attention owing to their high theoretical capacity (1672 mA h g-1 ), sulfur abundance, and low cost. However, main systemic issues, associated with polysulfide shuttling and low Coulombic efficiency, hinder the practical use of the sulfur electrode in commercial batteries. Herein, we demonstrate an effective strategy of decorating nano-MnO2 (less than 10 wt %) onto the sulfur reservoir to capture the out-diffused polysulfides through chemical interaction and thereby improve the electrochemical performance of the sulfur electrode without increasing the mass burden of total battery configuration. Pistachio shell-derived sustainable carbon (PC) was employed as effective sulfur containers owing to its structural characteristics (interconnected macro channels and micropores). With the aids of the structural benefits of the PC scaffold and the uniform decoration of nano-MnO2 , polysulfide shuttling was significantly suppressed and the cycling performance of the sulfur cathode was dramatically improved over 250 cycles.

18.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces ; 9(37): 31763-31776, 2017 Sep 20.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28787125

RESUMO

The main objective of this study is to develop microencapsulation technology for thermal energy storage incorporating a phase change material (PCM) in a composite wall shell, which can be used to create a stable environment and allow the PCM to undergo phase change without any outside influence. Surface modification of cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) was conducted by grafting poly(lactic acid) oligomers and oleic acid to improve the dispersion of nanoparticles in a polymeric shell. A microencapsulated phase change material (methyl laurate) with poly(urea-urethane) (PU) composite shells containing the hydrophobized cellulose nanocrystals (hCNCs) was fabricated using an in situ emulsion interfacial polymerization process. The encapsulation process of the PCMs with subsequent interfacial hCNC-PU to form composite microcapsules as well as their morphology, composition, thermal properties, and release rates was examined in this study. Oil soluble Sudan II dye solution in methyl laurate was used as a model hydrophobic fill, representing other latent fills with low partition coefficients, and their encapsulation efficiency as well as dye release rates were measured spectroscopically in a water medium. The influence of polyol content in the PU polymer matrix of microcapsules was investigated. An increase in polyol contents leads to an increase in the mean size of microcapsules but a decrease in the gel content (degree of cross-linking density) and permeability of their shell structure. The encapsulated PCMs for thermal energy storage demonstrated here exhibited promising performance for possible use in building or paving materials in terms of released heat, desired phase transformation temperature, chemical and physical stability, and concrete durability during placement.

19.
Carbohydr Polym ; 174: 120-127, 2017 Oct 15.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28821045

RESUMO

In this study we demonstrate that lignin monomers formed as byproducts of pulping or bioprocessing of lignocellulosic biomass is an effective enhancer to oxidize cellulose surfaces with ozone for the production of cellulose nanofibers (CNF). Never dried softwood pulp with minimum mercerization was enzymatically treated leading to a homogeneous pulp slurry with a higher reactivity. The slurry was oxidized by ozone gas in the presence of syringic acid, a lignin degradation model compound, as an oxidation enhancer at room temperature and pH 11. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) observations showed that stable CNF bundles with 3-10nm widths and lengths >100nm were obtained after ultrasonication of the oxidized product in water. Extensive characterization of the new CNF films revealed the nanofibers had carboxylate content similar to conventional carboxylated cellulose prepared by TEMPO-mediated oxidation. Based on NMR spectra, chemical conversion of the syringic acid during oxidation is proposed.

20.
ACS Appl Mater Interfaces ; 9(29): 24936-24946, 2017 Jul 26.
Artigo em Inglês | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28654229

RESUMO

The main aim of this study is to verify whether cellulose nanocrystal (CNCs)-reinforced tung oil (TO) composites are effective for wood finishes and offer enhanced mechanical and weathering performance owing to the high strength, stiffness, and barrier properties of CNCs. To achieve even dispersion of CNC particles in a polymeric coating film, surface hydrophobization of the CNCs was carried out by grafting poly(lactic acid) oligomers and oleic acid. These new TO coating formulations contain 0 (controlled sample) to 10 wt % of hydrophobized cellulose nanocrystals (hCNCs). The coating performance (degree of wrinkle, leveling, and instantaneous filling) of the hCNC-TO finishes as well as their coating properties (topography, optical properties, mechanical properties, and gas permeability) were investigated in this study. The influence of the hCNC content in the tung oil composite coatings was examined using scratch/impact resistance tests and oxygen transmission rate (OTR) measurements. An increase in the hCNC content led to an increase in scratch/impact resistance as well as a slight decrease in the color-b change, gloss, surface roughness, and OTR value of their film coatings. The hCNC-TO composites for wood coatings presented here showed enhanced performance for utilization in wood-working processes in terms of desired mechanical properties (scratch and impact resistance), weathering performance (color stability), and easy production without any deterioration in surface gloss and roughness after the addition of hCNC to a TO matrix. The hCNC enhanced coating system is a promising candidate for substantial protection of wood surfaces in demanding settings.

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