Bullying in educational institutions: college students' experiences.

Despite its widespread prevalence, bullying in educational institutions is not considered a serious social issue in Pakistan. Present study explores the understandings and experiences of college students about bullying and documents the status of anti-bullying interventions in educational institutions. This study is based on in-depth interviews with students and principals of private sector colleges in Pakistan. The study showcases the important aspects of bullying that hurt the educational, personal and social lives of students. The most frequent form of bullying experienced by the students constitutes verbal bullying. Bullying occurs at specific places on campuses which are less supervised by teachers and administration. Although the principals were of the view that they had zero tolerance towards bullying in their premises, they did not have any preventive measures. There is a dire need to develop a policy to address the issue of bullying in educational institutions.

Sociocultural Challenges in the Implementation of COVID-19 Public Health Measures: Results From a Qualitative Study in Punjab, Pakistan.

Informed public health measures are crucial to curb the COVID-19 pandemic. The sociocultural context is important to understand the success or failure of implementing public health measures. This study explores the social and behavioral response to COVID-19 and unveils challenges in the implementation of related public health measures in Pakistan. Within this qualitative study, we conducted 34 telephonic/online in-depth interviews with youths, adults, elderly people, and healthcare professionals in the Punjab province of Pakistan. Framework analysis was used for data analysis. People's poor understanding about COVID-19 and the need for preventive measures were the major challenge in implementing public health preventive strategies. Study participants reported that the lockdown strategy increased poverty and unemployment. People's poor living conditions and living environment compelled them not to follow social distancing and restricting themselves to home. Additionally, an underdeveloped healthcare system was one of the major challenges for Pakistan. The culture of denial in Pakistan related to the epidemiology of COVID-19 was an important challenge within the implementation of public health preventive measures. It is extremely important that public health experts and social scientists work together to understand the contextual sociocultural factors which shape behaviors associated with the spread of a pandemic.

Social world of organ transplantation, trafficking, and policies.

Although success of organ transplants reflects advances in medical procedures, the success has generated debates about the ethical standards and policies that govern transplants, especially the acquisition of organs for transplants. We focus on laws, policies, and organ trafficking to highlight the interdisciplinary perspectives that can shape our understanding of transplantation as a social phenomenon. We discuss international policies and country-specific legislation from Pakistan to point to gaps and their implications for protecting vulnerable people who are exploited for organ removal. International collaboration and the legal framework need to be strengthened to fight the menace globally and to deal with the cases of organ trafficking within the legal ambit of human trafficking so that the rights of victims are upheld by states, justice systems, and ultimately medical establishments and practitioners.