[Characteristics of Helicobacter pylori infection in a private hospital in Lima, 2019 experience and literature review]. / Características de la infección de Helicobacter pylori en un hospital privado de Lima, experiencia del 2019 y revisión de la literatura.

Digestive diseases are the fourth leading cause of outpatient care in Peruvian healthcare centers, with gastritis and peptic ulcers being the most common. This is a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study of secondary analysis of medical record data to evaluate the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in patients undergoing upper digestive endoscopy during 2019 at Clinica Delgado, Lima, Peru. An association between males (PRa 1.27, 95% CI 1.10-1.48, p<0.001), age categories and upper digestive endoscopy (PRa 2.53, 95% CI 2.16-2.97, p<0.001) was reported. Based on these findings, it is recommended that other causes of gastritis be identified, especially in young women with deep chronic gastritis. Furthermore, we present a review of the scientific literature of Peru on factors associated with the positivity of Helicobacter pylori in the results of superior digestive endoscopy.

Características de la infección de Helicobacter pylori en un hospital privado de Lima, experiencia del 2019 y revisión de la literatura / Characteristics of Helicobacter pylori infection in a private hospital in Lima, 2019 experience and literature review

RESUMEN Las enfermedades digestivas representan la cuarta causa de atención ambulatoria en los centros sanitarios peruanos, siendo la gastritis y las úlceras pépticas las más comunes. El presente es un estudio retrospectivo, de corte transversal, de tipo descriptivo, de análisis secundario de datos de historias clínicas, para evaluar la prevalencia de Helicobacter pylori en pacientes sometidos a endoscopia digestiva alta durante el año 2019 en la Clínica Delgado, Lima, Perú. Asociación entre el sexo masculino (PRa 1,27, IC95% 1,10-1,48, p <0,001), categorías de la edad y resultado de endoscopia digestiva alta (PRa 2,53, IC95% 2,16-2,97, p<0,001) fueron reportados. Se recomienda, a partir de estos hallazgos, determinar otras causas de gastritis, especialmente en las mujeres jóvenes con gastritis crónica profunda. Además, presentamos una revisión de la literatura científica del Perú sobre los factores asociados a la positividad de Helicobacter pylori en los resultados de la endoscopia digestiva superior.

ABSTRACT Digestive diseases are the fourth leading cause of outpatient care in Peruvian healthcare centers, with gastritis and peptic ulcers being the most common. This is a retrospective, cross-sectional, descriptive study of secondary analysis of medical record data to evaluate the prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in patients undergoing upper digestive endoscopy during 2019 at Clinica Delgado, Lima, Peru. An association between males (PRa 1.27, 95% CI 1.10-1.48, p<0.001), age categories and upper digestive endoscopy (PRa 2.53, 95% CI 2.16-2.97, p<0.001) was reported. Based on these findings, it is recommended that other causes of gastritis be identified, especially in young women with deep chronic gastritis. Furthermore, we present a review of the scientific literature of Peru on factors associated with the positivity of Helicobacter pylori in the results of superior digestive endoscopy.

[Use of cyanoacrylate in the endoscopic therapy of gastric varices: experience in the National Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins from 2006 to 2010]. / Uso de cianoacrilato en la terapia endoscópica de várices gástricas: experiencia en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins del 2006 al 2010.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the therapeutic success of the injection of N-butyl-2 cyanoacrylate in the treatment of gastric varices. METHODS: Cross-sectional study included 33 patients with gastric varices who only received cyanoacrylate endoscopic therapy between 2006 and 2010. Intravariceally, cyanoacrylate was injected in a 1:1 dilution with lipiodol until the obliteration of varices. The therapeutic situation was: active bleeding, varices with stigmata of recent bleeding and secondary prophylaxis. Treatment success was evaluated according to hemostasis, recurrent bleeding and obliteration. RESULTS: Of the 33 patients, 3 (9.1%) were for active bleeding, 20 (60.6%) with stigmata of recent bleeding and 10 (30.3%) as secondary prophylaxis. Gastric varices were GOV2, 17 (51.5%); IGV1, 14 (42.4%); GOV1, 2 (6.1%). Hemostasis was achieved in 21 (91.3%) and in 2 (66.7%) of 3 patients with active bleeding. Five (15.6%) patients had recurrent bleeding and 2 of them used cyanoacrylate with successful hemostasis. Obliteration was achieved. Four patients died and one for failure of control bleeding. A high severity of Child-Pugh classification was related to treatment endoscopic failure (p=0.034). The main complication was bleeding after the injection of cyanoacrylate. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the use of cyanoacrylate in the treatment of gastric varices with few major complications.

Uso de Cianoacrilato en la Terapia Endoscópica de Várices Gástricas: experiencia en el Hospital Nacional Edgardo Rebagliati Martins del 2006 al 2010 / Use of cyanoacrylate in the endoscopic therapy of gastric varices: experience in the National Hospital Edgardo Rebagliati Martins from 2006 to 2010

OBJETIVO: Evaluar el éxito terapéutico de la inyección de N-butil-2-cianoacrilato en el tratamiento de las várices gástricas. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio transversal que incluyó 33 pacientes con várices gástricas que sólo recibieron terapia endoscópica con cianoacrilato entre el 2006 al 2010. El cianoacrilato fue inyectado intravaricealmente en una dilución 1:1 con lipiodol hasta obtener la obturación de las várices. La situación terapéutica fue: Hemorragia activa, várices con estigmas de sangrado reciente y profilaxis secundaria. El éxito del tratamiento se evaluó según la hemostasia, recurrencia de sangrado y obturación. RESULTADOS: De los 33 pacientes, 3 (9.1%) fueron por hemorragia activa, 20 (60.6%) con estigmas de sangrado reciente y 10 (30.3%) como profilaxis secundaria. Las várices fueron GOV2, 17 (51.5%); IGV1, 14 (42.4%) y GOV1, 2 (6.1%). Se logró hemostasia total en 21 (91.3%) pacientes con sangrado agudo o reciente y en 2 (66.7%) de 3 sujetos con sangrado activo. En 5 (15.6%) pacientes hubo recurrencia de sangrado y 2 de ellos recibieron cianoacrilato con éxito de hemostasia. Se logró obturación en 25 (75.8%) del total de pacientes. Cuatro pacientes fallecieron, uno por fracaso del control de sangrado. La mayor severidad de clasificación Child-Pugh se relacionó con falla terapéutica (p=0.034). La complicación principal fue el sangrado post-inyección del cianoacrilato. CONCLUSIONES: Nuestros resultados favorecen el uso de cianoacrilato en el tratamiento de várices gástricas, con raras complicaciones mayores.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the therapeutic success of the injection of N-butyl-2-cyanoacrylate in the treatment of gastric varices. METHODS: Cross-sectional study included 33 patients with gastric varices who only received cyanoacrylate endoscopic therapy between 2006 and 2010. Intravariceally, cyanoacrylate was injected in a 1:1 dilution with lipiodol until the obliteration of varices. The therapeutic situation was: active bleeding, varices with stigmata of recent bleeding and secondary prophylaxis. Treatment success was evaluated according to hemostasis, recurrent bleeding and obliteration. RESULTS: Of the 33 patients, 3 (9.1%) were for active bleeding, 20 (60.6%) with stigmata of recent bleeding and 10 (30.3%) as secondary prophylaxis. Gastric varices were GOV2, 17 (51.5%); IGV1, 14 (42.4%); GOV1, 2 (6.1%). Hemostasis was achieved in 21 (91.3%) and in 2 (66.7%) of 3 patients with active bleeding. Five (15.6%) patients had recurrent bleeding and 2 of them used cyanoacrylate with successful hemostasis. Obliteration was achieved in 25 (75.8%). Four patients died and one for failure of control bleeding. A high severity of Child-Pugh classification was related to treatment endoscopic failure (p=0.034). The main complication was bleeding after the injection of cyanoacrylate. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the use of cyanoacrylate in the treatment of gastric varices with few major complications.

[Colonic histoplasmosis as a diagnostic manifestation of AIDS]. / Histoplasmosis colónica como manifestación diagnóstica de SIDA.

We report the case of 48 year old female patient without a history of significance importance.(refuses blood transfusion). She complaint of diarrhea of four months of duration and weight loss of 8 kg. she added episodes of hematochezia and severe anemia requiring transfusion. An intrahemorrhagic colonoscopy was performed detecting three ulcerated lesions. First at 10 cm from the anus, one in transverse colon distal, another similar ulcer in the proximal transverse The biopsies showed ulcer granulation tissue, abundant macrophages with intracytoplasmic structures consistent with histoplasmosis. Tests showed no tuberculosis or intestinal parasitosis. HIV testing (ELISA and Western Blot) were positive. The CD4 (78 cells) and extrapulmonary histoplasmosis were the criteria defined stage AIDS. The extrapulmonary histoplasmosis defines stage IV in immunosuppressed patients with HIV. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding colonic ulcer secondary to Histoplasma is a rare form presentation as a diagnostic manifestation of AIDS.

Histoplasmosis colónica como manifestación diagnóstica de Sida / Colonic histoplasmosis as a diagnostic manifestation of AIDS

Se reporta caso de paciente mujer de 48 años, sin antecedentes importantes (niega transfusión de sangre), con cuatro meses con diarrea y pérdida ponderal de 8 kg. Presenta episodio de hematoquezia y anemia aguda que requirió transfusión. Se realizó colonoscopía intrahemorrágica detectando tres lesiones ulceradas: una a 10 cm del ano, otra en colon transverso distal, otra úlcera de similares características en el transverso proximal. Las biopsias mostraron tejido de granulación de úlcera, abundantes macrófagos con estructuras intracitoplasmáticas consistentes con histoplasmosis. Los exámenes no demostraron tuberculosis, ni parasitosis intestinal. Las pruebas de VIH (ELISA y Western Blot) fueron positivas. El recuento de linfocitos CD4 (78 células) y la histoplasmosis extrapulmonar fueron los criterios que definieron el estadio SIDA. La histoplasmosis extrapulmonar define el estadio IV en pacientes inmunosuprimidos por el VIH. La hemorragia digestiva baja por úlceras colónicas secundarias a Histoplasma es una forma de presentación infrecuente como manifestación diagnóstica de SIDA.

We report the case of 48 year old female patient without a history of significance importance (refuses blood transfusion). She complaint of diarrhea of four months of duration and weight loss of 8 kg. She added episodes of hematochezia and severe anemia requiring transfusion. An Intrahemorrhagic colonoscopy was performed detecting three ulcerated lesions. First at 10 cm from the anus, one in transverse colon distal, another similar ulcer in the proximal transverse The biopsies showed ulcer granulation tissue, abundant macrophages within tracytoplasmic structures consistent with histoplasmosis. Tests showed no tuberculosis or intestinal parasitosis. HIV testing (ELISA and Western Blot) were positive. The CD4 (78 cells) and extrapulmonary histoplasmosis were the criteria defined stage AIDS. The extrapulmonary histoplasmosis defines stage IV in immunosuppressed patients with HIV. Lower gastrointestinal bleeding colonic ulcer secondary to Histoplasma is a rare form presentation as a diagnostic manifestation of AIDS.

[Sedation used during colonoscopies at the Peruvian-Japanese policlinic. Their relationship with quality indicators]. / Sedación Utilizada en las Colonoscopías en el Policlínico Peruano Japonés y su Relación con Indicadores de Calidad.

INTRODUCTION: The practice of sedation used during colonoscopy vary widely between countries, even gastroenterologists and endoscopy centers. Knowing the type of sedation used at present and its relationship to quality indicators of colonoscopy, will help improve the quality of it. OBJECTIVES: To determine the type of sedation used for colonoscopies in the Japanese Peruvian Polyclinic, and its relation to quality indicators in colonoscopy: cecal intubation rate and detection rate of adenomas MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional correlational. Data were recorded colonoscopies performed in the Japanese Peruvian Polyclinic during 2007, which were conducted by 10 endoscopists RESULTS: We included 843 colonoscopies, of which 63.1% received moderate sedation, deep sedation, 36.7% and only 0.2% received no sedation. Moderate sedation was performed most commonly with the combination midazolam + meperidine, whereas deep sedation propofol used almost exclusively in combination with other agents. An anesthesiologist was present in 38.4% of the colonoscopies. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in cecal intubation rate when deep sedation was used: 96.1% compared to the moderate: 94.5% (p = 0.009). Equally significant difference in adenoma detection rate with deep sedation, 26.9%, compared with the moderate: 15.8% (p = 0.000). Immediate complications were reported in 9% of procedures was more common when deep sedation was used: 13.3% compared to the moderate: 6.4% (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The moderate sedation was the most common method of sedation used for colonoscopies in the Japanese Peruvian Polyclinic. Deep sedation was associated with higher rates of cecal intubation and adenoma detection, but also in more immediate complications. KEYWORDS: sedation, colonoscopy, colonoscopy quality.

Sedación utilizada durante las colonoscopías en el policlínico peruano japonés y su relación con indicadores de calidad / Sedation used during colonoscopies at the peruvian-japanese policlinic: their relationship with quality indicators

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las prácticas de sedación utilizadas durante las colonoscopias varían ampliamente entre países, centros endoscópicos y aún gastroenterólogos. Conocer el tipo de sedación utilizada actualmente y su relación con indicadores de calidad en colonoscopía, ayudará a mejorar la calidad de la misma. OBJETIVOS: Conocer el tipo de sedación utilizada durante las colonoscopias en el Policlínico Peruano Japonés, y su relación con indicadores de calidad en colonoscopía: tasa de intubacióncecal y tasa de detección de adenomas. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio correlacional observacional transversal y retrospectivo. Se registraron los datos de las colonoscopías realizadas en el Policlínico Peruano Japonés durante el año 2007, las cuales fueron realizadas por 10 endoscopistas. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 843 colonoscopías, de las cuales el 63,1 por ciento recibió sedación moderada, el 36,7 por ciento sedación profunda y sólo el 0,2 por ciento no recibió sedación. La sedación moderada se llevó a cabo más comúnmente con la combinación midazolam + meperidina, en tanto que la sedación profunda utilizó casi exclusivamente propofol, en combinación con otro agentes. Un anestesiólogo estuvo presente en el 38,4% de las colonoscopias. El análisis estadístico mostró diferencias significativas en la tasa de intubación cecal cuandose usó sedación profunda: 96,1 por ciento respecto a la moderada: 94,5 por ciento (p=0,009). Igualmente hubo diferencias significativas en la tasa de detección de adenomas con la sedación profunda: 26,9 por ciento , respecto a la moderada: 15,8 por ciento (p=0,0001). Se reportaron complicaciones inmediatas en el 9 por ciento de procedimientos, siendo más comunes cuando se usó sedación profunda: 13,3 por ciento , respecto a la moderada: 6,4 por ciento (p=0,003)...

INTRODUCTION: The practice of sedation used during colonoscopy vary widely between countries, even gastroenterologists and endoscopy centers. Knowing the type of sedationused at present and its relationship to quality indicators of colonoscopy, will help improve the quality of it. OBJECTIVES: To determine the type of sedation used for colonoscopies in the Japanese Peruvian Polyclinic, and its relation to quality indicators in colonoscopy: cecal intubation rateand detection rate of adenomas. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective cross-sectional correlational. Data were recorded colonoscopies performed in the Japanese Peruvian Polyclinic during 2007, which were conducted by 10 endoscopists. RESULTS: We included 843 colonoscopies, of which 63.1 percent received moderate sedation, deep sedation, 36.7 percent and only 0.2 percent received no sedation. Moderate sedation was performed most commonly with the combination midazolam + meperidine, whereas deep sedation propofol used almost exclusively in combination with other agents. An anesthesiologist was present in 38.4 percent of the colonoscopies. Statistical analysis showed significant differences in cecal intubation rate when deep sedation was used: 96.1 percent compared to the moderate: 94.5 percent (p = 0.009). Equally significant difference in adenoma detection rate with deep sedation, 26.9 percent ,compared with the moderate: 15.8 percent (p = 0.000). Immediate complications were reported in 9 percent of procedures was more common when deep sedation was used: 13.3 percent compared to themoderate: 6.4 percent (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS: The moderate sedation was the most common method of sedation used for colonoscopies in the Japanese Peruvian Polyclinic. Deep sedation was associated with high errates of cecal intubation and adenoma detection, but also in more immediate complications.

Papel del endoscopista en la detección de pólipos adenomatosos durante la colonoscopia / Role of the endoscopist in the detection of adenomatous polyps during colonoscopy

INTRODUCCIÓN: Edad, género e indicación para el examen son conocidos predictores de detección de pólipos adenomatosos durante colonoscopía. Pero no se conoce la importancia del endoscopista en dicha detección.OBJETIVOS: Determinar el papel del endoscopista en la detección de pólipos adenomatosos durante la colonoscopíaMATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Estudio correlacional observacional transversal y retrospectivo. Se registraron los datos de las colonoscopías realizadas en el Policlínico Peruano Japonés durante el año 2007, las cuales fueron realizadas por 10 endoscopistas. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 843 colonoscopías. El análisis estadístico mostró diferencias significativas entre endoscopistas respecto a su tasa de detección de pólipos adenomatosos (p=0,038). El rango para la detección de al menos 1 pólipo adenomatosopor colonoscopía fue de 14,6-30,0 por ciento. En los pacientes mayores de 50 años, también hubo diferencias significativas entre endoscopistas en su tasa de detección de pólipos adenomatosos (p=0,001). El rango para la detección de al menos 1 pólipo adenomatoso fue de 18,2-37,5 por ciento en dicho grupo. Igualmente se determinó que la edad y el género fueron poderosos predictores de pólipos adenomatosos, tanto para la cohorte total, como para los pacientes mayores de 50 años. Respecto a la indicación para la colonoscopía, no se encontró diferencia significativa entre las categorías, con un p=0.288. CONCLUSIONES: El endoscopista es tan o más importante que la edad, género o indicación para el examen, en predecir la detección de pólipos adenomatosos durante la colonoscopia.

INTRODUCTION: Age, gender and indication for the examination are known predictors of adenomatous polyp detection during colonoscopy. But no one knows the importanceof the endoscopist in detection.OBJECTIVES: To determine the role of the endoscopist in detecting adenomatous polyps during colonoscopy. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Is retrospective cross-sectional correlational study. Datawere recorded colonoscopies performed in the Japanese Peruvian Polyclinic during 2007, which were conducted by 10 endoscopists. RESULTS: A total of 843 colonoscopies. Statistical analysis showed significant differencesbetween endoscopists regarding the detection rate of adenomatous polyps (p = 0.038). The range for the detection of at least 1 adenomatous polyp by colonoscopy was 14,6-30,0 percent.In patients over 50 years, there were also significant differences between endoscopists in detection rate of adenomatous polyps (p = 0.001). The range for the detection of atleast 1 adenomatous polyp was 18,2-37,5 percent in that group.Also found that age and gender were powerful predictors of adenomatous polyps, both for the total cohort, and patients older than 50 years. Regarding the indication for colonoscopy, no significant differencebetween the categories, were found p = 0.288. CONCLUSION S: The endoscopist is as or more important than age, gender or indication for the examination, in predicting the detection of adenomatous polyps during colonoscopy.

[Bleeding in digestive tract caused by jejunal angiodysplasia: complementary value of capsule endoscopy and double-balloon enteroscopy]. / Hemorragia digestiva oscura por angiodisplasia yeyunal: valor complementario de la cápsula endoscópica y la enteroscopia de doble balón.

We report the case of a 35-year-old male patient, with a history of six months of pallor and dyspnea associated with severe iron deficiency anemia and positive fecal occult blood tests. Endoscopy of the lower and upper gastrointestinal tract, and a small bowel follow-through were performed, but did not reveal the origin of the bledding. Later, a capsule endoscopy study were performed and detected an elevated area - not well defined - with active bleeding in the jejunal portion of the small bowel, for that reason we decided to complement the study with a double balloon enteroscopy, that allowed us to see more clearly the jejunal lesion: an elevated and ulcerated lesion; the area was marked with India ink to guide the surgeon. In the surgical intervention a resection of the involved jejunal segment was performed; the study of pathological anatomy established the diagnosis of jejunal angiodysplasia. We present this case of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding to emphasize the diagnostic utility of capsule endoscopy and double balloon enteroscopy.

Hemorragia digestiva oscura por angiodisplasia yeyunal: valor complementario de la cápsula endoscópica y la enteroscopia de doble balón / Bleeding in digestive tract caused by jejunal angiodysplasia: complementary value of capsule endoscopy and double-balloon enteroscopy

Reportamos el caso de un paciente varón de 35 años con historia de seis meses de palidez y disnea de esfuerzo, asociadas a anemia ferropénica severa y pruebas de sangre oculta en heces positivas. Se le realizaron videoendoscopia digestiva alta, videocolonoscopía y Rx tránsito gastrointestinal, las cuales no revelaron el origen del sangrado. Posteriormente se le realizó estudio con cápsula endoscópica que detectó en el yeyuno un área elevada -no bien definida- con sangrado, por esa razón se decidió complementar con una enteroscopía de doble balón, que permitió ver mas claramente la lesión yeyunal: una lesión elevada y ulcerada, además el área fue marcada con tinta china para orientar al cirujano. En la intervención quirúrgica se realizó resección del segmento yeyunal comprometido; el estudio de anatomía patológica estableció el diagnóstico de angiodisplasia yeyunal. Presentamos este caso de hemorragia digestiva de origen oscuro para resaltar la utilidad diagnóstica de la cápsula endoscópica complementada con la enteroscopia de doble balón.

We report the case of a 35 years male patient, with a history of six months of pallor and dyspnea associated with severe iron deficiency anemia and positives fecal occult blood tests. Endoscopy of the lower and upper gastrointestinal tract, and a small bowel follow through were performed, but did not reveal the origin of the bledding. Later, a capsule endoscopy study were performed and detected an elevated area û not well defined û with active bleeding in the jejunal portion of the small bowel, for that reason we decided to complement the study with a double balloon enteroscopy, that allowed to see more clearly the jejunal lesion: an elevated and ulcerated lesion; the area was marked with Indian ink to guide the surgeon. In the surgical intervention a resection of the involved jejunal segment was performed; the study of pathological anatomy established the diagnosis of jejunal angiodysplasia. We present this case of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding to emphasize the diagnostic utility of the capsule endoscopy and the double balloon enteroscopy.

[Role of the endoscopist in the detection of adenomatous polyps during colonoscopy]. / Papel del Endoscopista en la Detección de Pólipos Adenomatosos Durante la Colonoscopia.

INTRODUCTION: Age, gender and indication for the examination are known predictors of adenomatous polyp detection during colonoscopy. But no one knows the importance of the endoscopist in detection. OBJECTIVES: To determine the role of the endoscopist in detecting adenomatous polyps during colonoscopy MATERIAL AND METHODS: Is retrospective cross-sectional correlational study. Data were recorded colonoscopies performed in the Japanese Peruvian Polyclinic during 2007, which were conducted by 10 endoscopists RESULTS: A total of 843 colonoscopies. Statistical analysis showed significant differences between endoscopists regarding the detection rate of adenomatous polyps (p = 0.038). The range for the detection of at least 1 adenomatous polyp by colonoscopy was 14,6-30,0%. In patients over 50 years, there were also significant differences between endoscopists in detection rate of adenomatous polyps (p = 0.001). The range for the detection of at least 1 adenomatous polyp was 18,2-37,5% in that group.Also found that age and gender were powerful predictors of adenomatous polyps, both for the total cohort, and patients older than 50 years. Regarding the indication for colonoscopy, no significant difference between the categories, were found p = 0.288 CONCLUSION S: The endoscopist is as or more important than age, gender or indication for the examination, in predicting the detection of adenomatous polyps during colonoscopy.

[Giant gastric ulcer by cytomegalovirus in infection VIH/SIDA]. / úlcera gástrica gigante por citomegalovirus en infeción VIH/SIDA.

Cytomegalovirus infection is an important cause of morbidity in immunosupressed patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). In this paper we present a 43 years old man with renal failure under hemodialysis, several blood transfusions because of anemia and three months of disease characterized by epigastric pain, specially at nights, ameliorated with antacid drugs. Other symptoms were early satisfy, vomits and weigh loss (18Kg). At clinical exam, the patient was pallid, presented adenopathies at cervical and inguinal regions and had a pain at epigastric region in profound touch palpation. The most important exams were HB: 10mg/dl, CMV: 83.5, leukocytes 7000, lymphocytes: 1715, erythrocyte sedimentation rate 49mm/h, the venon test (-), and Giardia lamblia trophozoites in stools. The studies demonstrated the patient was seropositive for HIV and the tests for IgG CMV and IgG Herpes virus resulted seropositives too. At endoscopy the esophagus mucosa was covered by a white plaque which suggests candida infection. In the stomach, over the body gastric, we found a big and deep ulcerated lesion (45 x 41mm), with defined rims and white fund. Biopsy from the edges of the gastric ulcer had the characteristic CMV intranuclear and intracytoplasmic inclusions; we confirmed the diagnosis by immunohystochemistry. The patient receives ganciclovir an then HAART and is getting well.

Use of a homemade nylon loop for the prevention of postpolypectomy bleeding of large pedunculated polyps.

To avoid bleeding after colonoscopic polypectomy, several procedures are being used. We describe a new method that consists of a homemade nylon loop that is applied and tied to the stalk of the pedunculated polyp and after which a conventional polypectomy is done. We have used this method in 15 patients and no complication was observed. The procedure is simple; the loop may be opened to large diameters to make it easier to use for large polyps. It has a low cost and seems to be safe and effective to prevent bleeding after endoscopic polypectomy.

[Endoscopic dilatation of benign colon and rectum stenosis]. / Dilatación endoscópica de las estenosis benignas de colon y recto.

AIM: To determine the usefulness of endoscopic dilatation in dealing with benign stenosis of the anus, rectum and colon. PATIENTS AND METHODS USED: Thirty six (36) patients with stenosis, anus (8), rectum (22) and colon (6) were given endoscopic treatment using hydroneumatic balloons, electro incision (radiated cuts) or a combination of both. Rigid equipment (metal) was used for distal stenosis. Age ranged between 30 and 82 years. Twelve (12) patients were male and 24 female. The diameter of the stenosis was less than 13 mm in 18 of the patients and 11 patients carried colostomy. RESULTS: All 36 patients were subjected to a total of 113 dilatation sessions. The average number of sessions per patient for patients with anal stenosis was 2.5 and for patients with colorectal stenosis, 3.32. One patient with rectal stenosis required 21 sessions to achieve final objective. The result achieved was good in 31 patients, less than satisfactory in 3 patients and bad in one patient, who presented a stenosis which was over 5 cm long. We lost track of a patient in the follow up stage. Success in closing the colostomy was achieved in 9 patients, while one presented a complication due to the procedure (cervical emphysema) which remitted with medical attention. CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic dilatation offers, through its different techniques, a safe and efficient method for the treatment of benign stenosis of the anus, rectum and colon and must be considered as a first class tool for the treatment of this kind of pathologies.

¿Es útil la relación urea/creatinina para diferenciar hemorragia digestiva alta de baja? / It is useful the urea/creatinine rate for differentiation of upper from lower gastrointestinal bleeding?

La hemorragia digestiva constituye un tercio de las hospitalizaciones de nuestro servicio. A veces es difícil diferenciar clínicamente la localización del sitio de sangrado. Se ha señalado que la relación urea/creatinina puede ayudar a definir el sitio de sangrado, pero que existe una gran superposición de resultados. Estudiamos 154 pacientes con hemorragia digestiva en forma prospectiva. Tuvieron hemorragia digestiva alta 123 (79.9 por ciento) pacientes con una relación urea/creatinina promedio de 62.27ñ29.13 y hemorragia digestiva baja 31 (20.1 por ciento) con una relación urea/creatinina de 39.49ñ13.83, diferencia estadísticamente significativa pero con una gran superposición de resultados. Definiendo hemorragia digestiva alta cuando existe una relación urea/creatinina mayor de 60, encontramos una gran especificidad (96.77 por ciento) pero una sensibilidad baja (51.22 por ciento); cuando tomamos los casos de enterorragia, que generalmente son los que pueden dar problema de diagnóstico, la especificidad alcanza 96.42 por ciento y la sensibilidad 46.15 por ciento. En conclusión, un valor de urea/creatinina mayor de 60 nos indica generalmente una hemorragia del tracto digestivo alto, pero un valor por debajo de 60 no es de valor diagnóstico.

[IT IS USEFULL THE UREA/CREATININE RATE FORDIFFERENTIATION OF UPPER FROM LOWER GASTROINTESTINAL BLEEDING?] / ?Es útil la relación Urea\Creatininapara diferenciar Hemorragia Digestiva Alta de Baja¿

Gastrointestinal bleeding constitutes a third part of the hospitalizations in our service. Some times is difficult to clinically distinguish the site of bleeding. It was pointed that the urea/creatinine ratio can help to define the site of bleeding, but there is a lot of superposition in the results. We studied prospectively 154 patients with gastrointestinal bleeding. 123 (79.9%) patients had upper gastrointestinal bleeding with an urea/creatinine ratio of 62.27 +/- 29.13 and 31(20.1%) patients had lower gastrointestinal bleeding with an urea/creatinine ratio of 39.49 +/- 13.83. This difference is statistically significant but has a lot of overlap results. Defining gastrointestinal bleeding as an urea/creatinine ratio greater than 60, we found a great specificity (96.77%) but a low sensibility (51.22). In addition, when we only took hematochezia cases, that usually is a diagnostic problem, the specificity was 96.42% and the sensitivity 46.15%. In conclusion, an urea/creatinine ratio greater than 60 usually indicate us an upper gastrointestinal bleeding, but values below of 60 isn't of diagnostic value.

Manejo exitoso de hemorragia por várice yeyunal con escleroterapia y endoligadura: reporte de un caso / Successful handling of hemorrhages due to jejunal variceal vein with sclerotherapy and endoligature: a report on one case

Se reporta el caso de un paciente cirrótico, sometido previamente a escleroterapia de várices esofágicas y gastrectomía total, que presentó una hemorragia activa de várice yeyunal, en quien el tratamiento con escleroterapia y posterior endoligadura fue exitoso resolviendo el problema variceal.

[SUCCESSFUL HANDLING OF HEMORRHAGES DUE TO JEJUNALVARICEAL VEIN WITH SCLEROTHERAPY AND ENDOLIGATURE: A REPORT ON ONE CASE] / Manejo exitoso de hemorragia por váriceyeyunal con escleroterapia y endoligadura: Reporte de un caso.

A case of jejunal bleeding is reported. A 68-year-o1d man, who suffered previous gastrectomy and sclerotherapy for esophageal varices presented jejunal variceal bleeding. These varices were sclered and banded with good results.

Leptospirosis con colestasis y miocarditis / Leptospirosis with cholestasis and myocarditis

Se presenta el caso de un varón de 28 años de edad con un cuadro de leptosis ictérica. el cuadro clínico no fue severo como indica la literatura. El paciente cursó con astenia, mialgias, ictericia y coluria. En el transcurso de la enfermedad se presentó cuadro de miocarditis. el daño hepático fue principalmente colestásis. No se presentó insuficiencia renal, pero si hematuria. El diagnóstico se realizó por un examen de orina en campo oscuro y microaglutinaciones en suero. El paciente recibió penicilina G sódica; respondiendo adecuadamente al tratamiento.