RESUMO
The energy usage of parallel chillers systems accounts for 25-40 % of the total energy cost of a building. In light of global warming concerns and the need for energy conservation, it is essential to distribute the load of the parallel chillers systems effectively to achieve energy savings in buildings. Accordingly, this study presents a multi-strategy improved sparrow search algorithm (MSSA) to address optimization of the optimal chillers loading (OCL) problem. The proposed algorithm augments the basic sparrow search algorithm (SSA) by introducing the Sine chaotic map, Levy flight method, and Cauchy variation to enhance diversity, avoid local optima, and increase global and local search capacities. We use 9 benchmark functions to check the performance of the proposed MSSA algorithm, and the results are better than the selected algorithms such as particle swarm algorithm (PSO), harris hawks optimization (HHO), artificial rabbit optimization (ARO) and sparrow search algorithm (SSA). In addition, MSSA is applied to two typical cases to demonstrate its performance to optimal chillers loading and the results indicate that the MSSA outperforms similar algorithms. This study validates that MSSA can provide a promising solution to resolve the OCL problem.
RESUMO
In this paper, the effects of the fatigue crack initiation position (FCIP) on fatigue life are discussed. Different modified gradient fields (MGFs) are prepared on the surface of 51CrV4 spring steel components by an ultrasonic assisted surface rolling process (USRP). Subsequently, the fatigue behaviour of steels with different FCIPs is systematically studied. The results show that the fatigue life of steels first exhibits an increasing tendency and then a decreasing tendency with increasing distance between an FCIP and the surface. When an FCIP shifts from the surface of the sample to the interior, the fatigue crack initiation resistance on the interior is greater than that on the surface, which leads to an increase in fatigue life. However, when the FCIP further shifts towards the centre of the specimen, the stress triaxiality experienced by the fatigue source gradually increases, which results in a peak in the curve of FCIP versus fatigue life. The magnitude of this peak fatigue life is related to the change in the stress triaxiality. Moreover, according to focused ion beam-high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (FIB-HRTEM) microstructural analysis near FCIPs, under a higher stress triaxiality, the crack tip area is subject to greater stress constraints, making the multiplication and movement of dislocations in this area more difficult, resulting in the decrease in movable dislocation density. This decrease in dislocation density leads to an increase in the stress concentration and accelerates the crack growth rate, decreasing the fatigue life. Therefore, the significant change in fatigue life is controlled by the MGF and stress triaxiality.
