Research on reliability mapping of 5G low orbit constellation network slice based on deep reinforcement learning.

Reliability mapping of 5G low orbit constellation network slice is an important means to ensure link network communication. The problem of state space explosion is a typical problem. The deep reinforcement learning method is introduced. Under the 5G low orbit constellation integrated network architecture based on software definition network (SDN) and network function virtualization (NFV), the resource requirements and resource constraints of the virtual network function (VNF) are comprehensively considered to build the 5G low orbit constellation network slice reliability mapping model, and the reliability mapping model parameters are trained and learned by using deep reinforcement learning, solve the problem of state space explosion in the reliability mapping process of 5G low orbit constellation network slices. In addition, node backup and link backup strategies based on importance are adopted to solve the problem that VNF/link reliability is difficult to meet in the reliability mapping process of 5G low orbit constellation network slice. The experimental results show that this method improves the network throughput, packet loss rate and intra slice traffic of 5G low orbit constellation, and can completely repair network faults within 0.3 s; For different number of 5G low orbit constellation network slicing requests, the reliability of this method remains above 98%; For SFC with different lengths, the average network delay of this method is less than 0.15 s.

Left atrial appendage closure outcomes in relation to atrial fibrillation patterns: a comprehensive analysis.

Objective: The effect of atrial fibrillation (AF) patterns on outcomes remains controversial. This study aims to evaluate the influence of AF type on the risk of cardiocerebrovascular events after left atrial appendage closure (LAAC) at long-term follow-up. Methods: AF was categorized as paroxysmal AF (PAF) and non-PAF (NPAF). The baseline characteristics, procedural data, peri-procedural complications, and long-term outcomes between patients with PAF and NPAF after LAAC were compared. Results: We analyzed 410 AF patients (mean age 74.8 ± 8.2 years; 271 male; 144 with PAF, 266 NPAF). The NPAF group tended to be older (≥75 years), male, and have chronic kidney disease (CKD) compared with the PAF group. The procedural data and peri-procedural complications were comparable. During 2.2 ± 1.5 years of follow-up, the incidences of thromboembolism, major bleeding, and device-related thrombus (DRT) did not differ between the two groups. The observed risk of thromboembolism and major bleeding was significantly lower than the estimated risk based on the CHA2DS2-VASc and HAS-BLED scores, respectively, in patients who underwent LAAC, regardless of the AF type. NPAF patients were associated with a higher risk of all-cause mortality, non-cardiovascular mortality, and combined efficacy endpoints. This association disappeared after propensity score matching (PSM) analysis. Conclusions: The risk of thromboembolism and major bleeding was lower in patients who underwent LAAC, regardless of the AF type. Although NPAF often coexists with multiple risk factors, it was not associated with worse long-term outcomes after LAAC when compared with PAF.

Metabolomics analysis of the effects of chelerythrine on Ustilaginoidea virens.

Rice false smut (RFS) caused by Ustilaginoidea virens is widely distributed in major rice-producing regions. Previous studies have shown that treating RFS with chelerythrine can decrease the germination of fungus spores by 86.7% and induce fungal cell apoptosis. In the present study, the effects of chelerythrine on the metabolism of U. virens explored using metabolomics and analyses of differentially accumulated metabolites and altered metabolic pathways. The top 15 metabolites in random forest analysis were significantly different between groups. In positive ion mode, purine, phenylalanine metabolism, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan biosynthesis, pyrimidine metabolism, and nitrogen metabolism were dominant. Alanine, aspartate, glutamate metabolism, and phenylalanine metabolism were enriched in negative ion mode. Differentially expressed genes and altered metabolic pathways of U. virens were effected by chelerythrine. The findings support future research on the prevention and treatment of RFS by chelerythrine and provide a theoretical basis for targeted drug delivery.

In Situ Electrochemical Polymerization of Cathode Electrolyte Interphase Enabling High-Performance Lithium Metal Batteries.

Lithium metal batteries (LMBs) with high-voltage nickel-rich cathodes show great potential as energy storage devices due to their exceptional capacity and power density. However, the detrimental parasitic side reactions at the cathode electrolyte interface result in rapid capacity decay. Herein, a polymerizable electrolyte additive, pyrrole-1-propionic acid (PA), which can be in situ electrochemically polymerized on the cathode surface and involved in forming cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI) film during cycling is proposed. The formed CEI film prevents the formation of microcracks in LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2 (NCM811) secondary particles and mitigates parasitic reactions. Additionally, the COO- anions of PA promote the acceleration of Li+ transport from cathode particles and increase charging rates. The Li||NCM811 batteries with PA in the electrolyte exhibit a high capacity retention of 83.83% after 200 cycles at 4.3 V, and maintain 80.88% capacity after 150 cycles at 4.6 V. This work provides an effective strategy for enhancing interface stability of high-voltage nickel-rich cathodes by forming stable CEI film.

Volatile flavor behavior characterization of Hericium erinaceus during postharvest storage using E-nose, HS-GC-IMS, and HS-SPME-GC-MS after treated with electron-beam generated X-ray irradiation.

Flavor alteration is a crucial factor affecting the quality of mushrooms during preservation. The dynamic variations of volatile profiles of fresh Hericium erinaceus with electron-beam generated X-ray irradiation were investigated by combining E-nose, headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry (HS-GC-IMS), and headspace solid-phase microextraction gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-MS). E-nose analysis achieved rapid discrimination in all treatments over storage time. 65 and 73 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were identified by HS-GC-IMS and HS-SPME-GC-MS, respectively. Thereinto, 1-octen-3-ol, 1-octen-3-one, and 2-octanone were screened out as the characteristic VOCs, which contents declined during storage. While the contents of (E)-2-octenal, (E)-2-nonenal, and 1-octanol increased. The flavor profile changes from distinct mushroom and floral odor to an intense alcohol and fatty odor. Notably, one-kGy irradiation remained more volatiles and denser mushroom odor after storage. Multivariate analysis further confirmed that 1.0 kGy irradiation contributed to the overall aroma retention during postharvest storage of H. erinaceus.

Acute cholangitis with acute myeloid leukaemia: A case report.

The report describes a middle-aged woman with acute cholangitis combined with acute myeloid leukaemia, and examination suggesting that she was also a patient with a rare case of total visceral inversion. The analysis of this case helps clinicians to deepen the differential diagnosis of rare diseases and improve the timeliness and accuracy of diagnosis.

Identification of key genes affecting ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction in diabetic mice.

Background: Mechanical ventilation (MV) is often required in critically ill patients. However, prolonged mechanical ventilation can lead to Ventilator-induced diaphragmatic dysfunction (VIDD), resulting in difficulty in extubation after tracheal intubation, prolonged ICU stay, and increased mortality. At present, the incidence of diabetes is high in the world, and the prognosis of diabetic patients with mechanical ventilation is generally poor. Therefore, the role of diabetes in the development of VIDD needs to be discovered. Methods: MV modeling was performed on C57 mice and DB mice, and the control group was set up in each group. After 12 h of mechanical ventilation, the muscle strength of the diaphragm was measured, and the muscle fiber immunofluorescence staining was used to verify the successful establishment of the MV model. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) method was used to detect mRNA expression levels of the diaphragms of each group, and then differential expressed gene analysis, Heatmap analysis, WGCNA analysis, Venn analysis, GO and KEGG enrichment analysis were performed. qRT-PCR was used to verify the expression of the selected mRNAs. Results: Our results showed that, compared with C57 control mice, the muscle strength and muscle fiber cross-sectional area of mice after mechanical ventilation decreased, and DB mice showed more obvious in this respect. RNA-seq showed that these differential expressed (DE) mRNAs were mainly related to genes such as extracellular matrix, collagen, elastic fiber and Fbxo32. GO and KEGG enrichment analysis showed that the signaling pathways associated with diabetes were mainly as follows: extracellular matrix (ECM), protein digestion and absorption, PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, MAPK signaling pathway and AGE-RAGE signaling pathway in diabetic complications, etc. ECM has the closest relationship with VIDD in diabetic mice. The key genes determined by WGCNA and Venn analysis were validated by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), which exhibited trends similar to those observed by RNA-seq. Conclusion: VIDD can be aggravated in diabetic environment. This study provides new evidence for mRNA changes after mechanical ventilation in diabetic mice, suggesting that ECM and collagen may play an important role in the pathophysiological mechanism and progression of VIDD in diabetic mice, and provides some clues for the research, diagnosis, and treatment of VIDD in diabetic context.

Effect of electron beam irradiation on raw goat milk: microbiological, physicochemical and protein structural analysis.

BACKGROUND: Goat milk is considered a nutritionally superior resource, owing to its advantageous nutritional attributes. Nevertheless, it is susceptible to spoilage and the persistence of pathogens. Electron beam irradiation stands as a promising non-thermal processing technique capable of prolonging shelf life with minimal residue and a high degree of automation. RESULTS: The effects of electron beam irradiation (2, 3, 5, and 7 kGy) on microorganisms, physicochemical properties, and protein structure of goat milk compared with conventional pasteurized goat milk (PGM) was evaluated. It was found that a 2 kGy electron beam irradiation reduces the total microbial count of goat milk by 6-logs, and the irradiated goat milk protein secondary structure showed a significant decrease in ɑ-helix content. Low irradiation doses led to microaggregation and crosslinking. In contrast, high doses (≥ 5 kGy) slightly disrupted the aggregates and decreased the particle size, disrupting the microscopic surface structure of goat milk, verified by scanning electron microscopy and confocal laser scanning microscopy. CONCLUSION: The irradiation of goat milk with a 2 kGy electron beam may effectively inactivate harmful microorganisms in the milk and maintain/or improve the physicochemical quality and protein structure of goat milk compared to thermal pasteurization. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Global, regional, and national burden of pancreatitis in older adults, 1990-2019: A systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2019.

Background: To describe the past, present and future burden of pancreatitis in older adults, and to explore cross-national inequalities across socio-demographic index (SDI). Methods: Data on pancreatitis in older adults, including mortality and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates, were collected from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study. Temporal trends were measured using joinpoint analyses and predicted using a Bayesian age-period-cohort model. Additionally, the unequal distribution of the burden of pancreatitis in older adults was quantified. Results: From 1990 to 2019, the number of deaths and DALYs due to pancreatitis in older adults has been increasing annually. However, in most regions of the world, age-standardized death rates (ASDR) and age-standardized DALYs rates have been declining. The burden of pancreatitis in older adults was highest in low SDI region, primarily affecting the population aged 65-74, with a greater burden on males than females. Furthermore, from 1990 to 2019, absolute and relative cross-national inequalities in pancreatitis among older adults have remained largely unchanged. It is projected that in the next 11 years, the number of deaths in older adults due to pancreatitis will continue to increase, but the ASDR is expected to decline. Conclusion: Over the past 30 years, the ASDR and age-standardized DALYs rate of pancreatitis in older adults have shown a decline globally, but the absolute burden continues to increase. Cross-national health inequalities persist. Therefore, it is necessary to develop targeted intervention measures and enhance awareness among this vulnerable population regarding the risk factors associated with pancreatitis.

Burden of pancreatic cancer in older adults globally, regionally, and in 204 countries: 1990-2019 and projections to 2030.

BACKGROUND: Global aging is increasing; however, the epidemiologic characteristics of pancreatic cancer in older adults have not been systematically studied. METHODS: This study used data on pancreatic cancer in older adults from the Global Burden of Disease 2019 project. Temporal trends were measured using average annual percentage change and predicted using a Bayesian age-period-cohort model. In addition, the inequality slope index and the health concentration index scores were calculated to quantify the unequal distribution of the burden of pancreatic cancer in older adults. RESULTS: Between 1990 and 2019, the number of pancreatic cancer deaths in older adults, age-standardized death rate (ASDR), disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and age-standardized DALY rate increased globally. In 2019, ASDR and age-standardized DALY rate for pancreatic cancer in older adults were the highest in Southern Latin America, whereas the burden has grown the fastest over the past 30 years in the Caribbean. The burden is predominantly distributed among those aged 65 to 74 years, with males having a higher burden than that of females. The global proportion of pancreatic cancer deaths in older adults attributed to smoking, high fasting plasma glucose, and high body mass index were 21.7%, 10.3%, and 5.8%, respectively. Both absolute and relative cross-national inequalities declined over the past 30 years but remained at medium-high levels of relative inequality. Deaths from pancreatic cancer among older adults are expected to continue to increase over the next 11 years. CONCLUSION: The global burden of pancreatic cancer among older adults has continued to rise over the past 30 years, and cross-national health inequalities remain high. Therefore, targeted measures must be taken to address this inequality.

Chaotropic Effect-Boosted Thermogalvanic Ionogel Thermocells for All-Weather Power Generation.

Ionic thermocells convert heat into electricity and are promising power sources for electronic devices. However, discontinuous and small electricity output limits practical use under varying environmental conditions. Here, a thermogalvanic ionogel with a high Seebeck coefficient (32.4 mV K-1) is designed. Thermocells that combine thermogalvanic ionogel-based thermocells, which realize all-weather power generation via passive radiative cooling, are also developed. These thermocells generate electricity continuously under varying weather conditions and over a wide temperature range (-40 to 90 °C), with a normalized power density of 25.84 mW m-2 K-2. Advanced characterization shows that the chaotropic effect enhances the Seebeck coefficient, while the self-supplying temperature difference given the radiative cooling structure enables all-weather power generation. These results provide an effective strategy for developing practical thermocells suitable for diverse daily and seasonal variations.

Effect of electron beam irradiation on the structural characteristics and functional properties of goat's milk casein.

The effects of electron beam irradiation (EBI) at different doses (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 kGy) were investigated on the structural and functional properties of casein, including their interrelationship. A gradual reduction in the α-helix content of the secondary structure (as a stable structure) indicates that casein under EBI treatment mainly undergoes fragmentation and aggregation from a structural perspective. Furthermore, the hydrophobic group and tryptophan in the tertiary structure were exposed, which opened up the internal structure of the protein. In addition, a continuously increasing irradiation dose led to casein aggregation, as confirmed by electron microscopy. The structural changes affected its functional properties, such as solubility, emulsification, foaming, and rheological properties, all of which increased first and subsequently decreased. Finally, at irradiation doses of 4-6 kGy, casein was modified to exhibit optimal functional properties, which enhanced its food processing value and performance.

Electron beam irradiation induced aggregation, structural and functional changes of soybean 11S globulin.

This study investigated the effects of different irradiation doses of an electron beam (e-beam) (0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 kGy) on the structure, emulsification, foaming, and rheological and gel properties of soybean 11S globulin. The irradiation treatment at 4 and 6 kGy significantly increased the solubility, surface hydrophobicity, disulfide bonding, and ζ-potential of 11S globulin, decreased the particle size of the protein solution, and effectively improved the emulsifying activity and foaming stability of the protein solution. Moreover, irradiation induced moderate cross-linking and aggregation of the proteins, thereby increasing the apparent viscosity and shear stress of the protein solution. In addition, the low-field NMR and microstructure analysis results revealed that protein gels formed a dense and homogeneous three-dimensional mesh structure after irradiation (6 kGy), along with increased content of bound water (T2b) and water not readily flowable (T21) and a decrease content of free water (T22). Overall, our results confirmed that e-beam irradiation could significantly improve the physicochemical properties of soybean 11S globulin. Our study thus provides a new technical means for the application of electron beam irradiation technology toward protein modification and broadens the high-value utilization of soybean 11S globulin in the food processing industry.

X-rays irradiation maintains redox homeostasis and regulates energy metabolism of fresh figs (Ficus carica L. Siluhongyu).

In this study, figs were irradiated with X-rays doses of 1.0, 3.0, and 5.0 kGy and stored at 4 °C for 20 d to evaluate effects of X-ray on redox homeostasis and energy metabolism in figs. Non-irradiated figs were recorded as control group. Results indicated that 3.0 kGy X-rays delayed fig color discoloration by inhibiting the ΔE* values. The electrolyte leakage, MDA and O2-· levels of figs were significantly alleviated. Energy metabolism assay revealed that 3.0 kGy X-rays could significantly maintain higher activities of H+-ATPase, Ca2+-ATPase, SDH, CCO, G6PDH and 6PGDH of figs. 3.0 kGy X-rays also retained mitochondria membrane integrity of figs. Furthermore, 3.0 kGy X-rays resulted in 26.09 % higher NADK activity and 16.30 % lower NADH content than the control. The study proves that X-ray irradiation can be used as figs preservation means to maintain redox homeostasis and regulate energy metabolism, thus lengthening the shelf life of figs.

Rice transcription factor OsNAC2 maintains the homeostasis of immune responses to bacterial blight.

Rice (Oryza sativa) bacterial blight, caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. Oryzae (Xoo), threatens plant growth and yield. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying rice immunity against Xoo remain elusive. Here, we identified a NAC (NAM-ATAF-CUC) transcription factor OsNAC2 as a negative regulator in the resistance to bacterial blight disease in rice. Constitutive overexpression of OsNAC2 inhibited the expression of salicylic acid (SA) biosynthesis-related genes (i.e. isochorismate synthase 1 (OsICS1), phenylalanine ammonia lyase 3 (OsPAL3), etc.) with adverse impacts on the pathogenesis-related proteins (PRs) responses and compromised blight resistance. Moreover, OsNAC2 interacted with APETALA2/ethylene-responsive element binding protein (AP2/EREBP) transcription factor OsEREBP1 and possibly threatened its protein stability, destroying the favorable interaction of OsEREBP1-Xa21-binding protein OsXb22a in the cytoplasm during Xoo-induced infection. On the contrary, downregulation of OsNAC2 resulted in enhanced resistance to bacterial blight in rice without any growth or yield penalties. Our results demonstrated that OsNAC2 inhibits SA signaling and stably interacted with OsEREBP1 to impair disease resistance. This OsNAC2-OsEREBP1-based homeostatic mechanism provided insights into the competition between rice and bacterial pathogens, and it will be useful to improve the disease resistance of important crops through breeding.

Performance of plasma von Willebrand factor in acute traumatic brain injury: relations to severity, CT findings, and outcomes.

Background: von Willebrand factor (VWF) has been widely recognized as a biomarker for endothelial cell activation in trauma and inflammation. Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is characterized by cerebral vascular injury and subsequent inflammation. The objective of this study was to investigate the correlation between VWF levels and clinical severity, as well as imaging abnormalities, in TBI patients. Additionally, the predictive value of VWF for patient outcomes was assessed. Methods: We conducted a prospective study to recruit acute TBI patients who were admitted to the emergency department within 24 h. Healthy individuals from the medical examination center were recruited as the control group. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of VWF in discriminating TBI severity and imaging abnormalities with the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) and Rotterdam computed tomography (CT) scores. We also analyzed the predictive value of these outcomes using the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and 6-month mortality. Results: The plasma concentration of VWF in TBI patients (84.7 ± 29.7 ng/ml) was significantly higher than in healthy individuals (40 ± 8.8 ng/ml). There was a negative correlation between VWF levels and GCS scores, as well as a positive correlation between VWF levels and Rotterdam CT scores. The area under the curve (AUC) for VWF in discriminating mild TBI was 0.76 (95% CI: 0.64, 0.88), and for predicting negative CT findings, it was 0.82 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.92). Meanwhile, the AUC of VWF in predicting mortality within 6 months was 0.70 (95% CI: 0.56, 0.84), and for a GOS score lower 4, it was 0.78 (95% CI: 0.67, 0.88). Combining VWF with either the GCS or Rotterdam CT score improved the prediction ability compared to using VWF alone. Conclusion: VWF levels were significantly elevated in patients with TBI compared with healthy individuals. Furthermore, VWF levels demonstrated a negative correlation with GCS scores and a positive correlation with Rotterdam CT scores. In terms of predicting mortality, VWF alone was not sufficient, but its predictive power was enhanced when combined with either the Rotterdam CT score or GCS. These findings suggest that VWF may serve as a potential biomarker for assessing the severity and prognosis of TBI patients.

Evaluation of vaccination status of children with special health care needs in Suzhou, China, 2020-2022: A retrospective survey study.

Children with special health care needs (CSHCNs) are at an increased risk of vaccine-preventable infections (VPDs), but they also face the dilemma of vaccine hesitancy. We obtained information on pediatric visits from the Referral and Assessment Information System for Vaccination (RAISV) and information on vaccination from the Jiangsu Province Immunization Information System (JSIIS). We followed the occurrence of Adverse Events Following Immunization (AEFIs) and VPDs by actively calling and querying the China Information System for Disease Control and Prevention (CISDCP). The Poisson test was used to compare the incidence of AEFIs between groups. A total of 5,037 children who visited a vaccination assessment clinic were followed-up in this study. The majority were children with developmental anomalies (28.5%), certain conditions originating in the perinatal period (12.1%), and nervous system disorders (9.0%). Most CSHCNs (66.9%) were advised to have all vaccines according to routine practice, 29.0% were advised to have partial vaccination, and 4.1% were advised to delay all vaccines and wait for future assessment. A total of 201 (4.0%) CSHCNs were not vaccinated, although they were assessed to be eligible for vaccination. By querying the immunization planning module in CISDCP, we observed 55 AEFI cases, which amounted to an incidence rate of 1.2 per 1,000, and the occurrence of abnormal reactions was not significantly different compared with the general population. The vaccination program following the designed workflow for CSHCNs was safe and could be recommended in other areas.

Global, regional, and national burden of liver cancer due to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, 1990-2019: a decomposition and age-period-cohort analysis.

BACKGROUND: Identifying past temporal trends in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH)-associated liver cancer (NALC) can increase public awareness of the disease and facilitate future policy development. METHODS: Annual deaths and age-standardized death rates (ASDR) for NALC from 1990 to 2019 were collected from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2019 study. The long-term trend and the critical inflection of mortality of NALC were detected by Joinpoint analysis. Age-period-cohort analysis was employed to evaluate the effects of age, period, and cohort. Last, decomposition analysis was used to reveal the aging and population growth effects for NALC burden. RESULTS: Between 1990 and 2019, the ASDR of NALC witnessed an overall declining trend on a global scale, with a decrease in females and a stable trend in males. However, the global ASDR demonstrated a significant upward trend from 2010 to 2019. Southern sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia have the highest NALC burdens, while high socio-demographic index (SDI) region experienced the fastest escalation of NALC burdens over 30 years. The decomposition analysis revealed that population growth and aging were the primary catalysts behind the increase in global NALC deaths. Age-period-cohort analyses showed that NALC mortality declined the fastest among females aged 40-45 years in high SDI region, accompanied by a deteriorating period effect trend during the period of 2010-2019. CONCLUSION: The global absolute deaths and ASDR of NALC have witnessed a rise in the past decade, with populations exhibiting considerable disparities based on sex, age, and region. Population growth, aging, and metabolism-related factors were the main factors behind the increase in global NALC deaths.

Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Efficacy and Mechanism of Oregano Essential Oil Against Shigella flexneri.

The aim of this study was to assess the antimicrobial activity of oregano essential oil (OEO) against Shigella flexneri and eradication efficacy of OEO on biofilm. The results showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of OEO against S. flexneri were 0.02% (v/v) and 0.04% (v/v), respectively. OEO effectively killed S. flexneri in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth and contaminated minced pork (the initial population of S. flexneri was about 7.0 log CFU/mL or 7.2 log CFU/g), and after treatment with OEO at 2 MIC in LB broth or at 15 MIC in minced pork, the population of S. flexneri decreased to an undetectable level after 2 or 9 h, respectively. OEO increased intracellular reactive oxygen species concentration, destroyed cell membrane, changed cell morphology, decreased intracellular ATP concentration, caused cell membrane depolarization, and destroyed proteins or inhibited proteins synthesis of S. flexneri. In addition, OEO effectively eradicated the biofilm of S. flexneri by effectively inactivating S. flexneri in mature biofilm, destroying the three-dimensional structure, and reducing exopolysaccharide biomass of S. flexneri. In conclusion, OEO exerts its antimicrobial action effectively and also has a valid scavenging effect on the biofilm of S. flexneri. These findings suggest that OEO has the potential to be used as a natural antibacterial and antibiofilm material in the control of S. flexneri in meat product supply chain, thereby preventing meat-associated infections.

Pancreatic Cancer and its Attributable Risk Factors in East Asia, Now and Future.

BACKGROUND: The disease burden of pancreatic cancer in East Asia is at a high level, but the epidemiological characteristics of pancreatic cancer in the region have not been systematically studied. METHOD: Joinpoint analysis was used to identify average annual percentage change (AAPC) and annual percentage change (APC) in mortality. Age-period-cohort models were used to analyze age-period cohort effects across countries. Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) analysis was used to project the burden of disease for 2020-2030. RESULTS: Pancreatic cancer mortality in males in Japan (2012-2019, APC = -0.97) and Korea (2012-2019, APC = -0.91) has shown a decreasing trend since 2012 (P < .05). However, China (2016-2019, APC = 3.21), Mongolia (2015-2.019, APC = 2.37), and North Korea (2012-2019, APC = 0.47) showed a significant increase in pancreatic cancer in both genders (P < .05). Risk factors for pancreatic cancer in East Asia remained largely stable between 2010 and 2019. Mortality of pancreatic cancer due to smoking began to decline in areas with high socio-demographic index (SDI), and mortality of pancreatic cancer due to high body mass index and high fasting plasma glucose increased with SDI. The age-standardized mortality for pancreatic cancer in Chinese males is expected to exceed that of Japan and South Korea by 2030, but the disease burden of pancreatic cancer in Japan and South Korea remains at extremely high levels. CONCLUSION: Economically developed countries are beginning to show a decreasing trend in the burden of pancreatic cancer disease, and developing countries are experiencing a rapid increase in the age-standardized death rate (ASDR) of pancreatic cancer.