Observing Discrete Blocking Events at a Polarized Micro- or Submicro-Liquid/Liquid Interface.

Single-entity collisional electrochemistry (SECE), a subfield of single-entity electrochemistry, enables directly characterizing entities and particles in the electrolyte solution at the single-entity resolution. Blockade SECE at the traditional solid ultramicroelectrode (UME)/electrolyte interface suffers from a limitation: only redox-inactive particles can be studied. The wide application of the classical Coulter counter is restricted by the rapid translocation of entities through the orifice, which results in a remarkable proportion of undetected signals. In response, the blocking effect of single charged conductive or insulating nanoparticles (NPs) at low concentrations for ion transfer (IT) at a miniaturized polarized liquid/liquid interface was successfully observed. Since the particles are adsorbed at the liquid/liquid interface, our method also solves the problem of the Coulter counter having a too-fast orifice translocation rate. The decreasing quantal staircase/step current transients are from landings (controlled by electromigration) of either conductive or insulating NPs onto the interface. This interfacial NP assembly shields the IT flux. The size of each NP can be calculated by the step height. The particle size measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS) is used for comparison with that calculated from electrochemical blocking events, which is in fairly good agreement. In short, the blocking effect of IT by single entities at micro- or submicro-liquid/liquid interface has been proven experimentally and is of great reference in single-entity detection.

Redox Targeting-Based Thermally Regenerative Electrochemical Cycle Flow Cell for Enhanced Low-Grade Heat Harnessing.

A large amount of low-grade heat (<100 °C) is produced in electrical devices and mostly wasted. This type of heat without effective dissipation also causes compromised device performance, reliability, and lifespan. To tackle these issues, a redox targeting (RT)-based flow cell with judiciously designed thermoelectrically active redox materials is demonstrated for the first time for efficient heat-to-electricity conversion through a thermally regenerative electrochemical cycle (TREC). Compared with the conventional TREC systems, the RT-based flow cell not only reveals considerably enhanced thermoelectric efficiency, but the flow of redox fluids also provides a cooling function to the system. In this work, solid material Ni0.2 Co0.8 (OH)2 and redox mediator [Fe(CN)6 ]4-/3- , both of which have negative temperature coefficient and share identical redox potential, are paired via RT-reactions to boost the capacity and meanwhile thermoelectric efficiency of a [Fe(CN)6 ]4-/3- /Zn0/2+ -based flow cell. Upon operating over the TREC cycle, the RT-based flow cell converts heat to electricity at an unprecedented absolute thermoelectric efficiency of 3.61% in the temperature range of 25-55 °C.

Microstructural Engineering of Cathode Materials for Advanced Zinc-Ion Aqueous Batteries.

Zinc-ion batteries (ZIBs) have attracted intensive attention due to the low cost, high safety, and abundant resources. However, up to date, challenges still exist in searching for cathode materials with high working potential, excellent electrochemical activity, and good structural stability. To address these challenges, microstructure engineering has been widely investigated to modulate the physical properties of cathode materials, and thus boosts the electrochemical performances of ZIBs. Here, the recent research efforts on the microstructural engineering of various ZIB cathode materials are mainly focused upon, including composition and crystal structure selection, crystal defect engineering, interlayer engineering, and morphology design. The dependency of cathode performance on aqueous electrolyte for ZIB is further discussed. Finally, future perspectives and challenges on microstructure engineering of cathode materials for ZIBs are provided. It is aimed to provide a deep understanding of the microstructure engineering effect on Zn2+ storage performance.

A class of liquid anode for rechargeable batteries with ultralong cycle life.

Low cost, highly efficient and safe devices for energy storage have long been desired in our society. Among these devices, electrochemical batteries with alkali metal anodes have attracted worldwide attention. However, the practical application of such systems is limited by dendrite formation and low cycling efficiency of alkali metals. Here we report a class of liquid anodes fabricated by dissolving sodium metal into a mixed solution of biphenyl and ethers. Such liquid anodes are highly safe and have a low redox potential of 0.09 V versus sodium, exhibiting a high conductivity of 1.2 × 10-2 S cm-1. When coupled with polysulfides dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide as the cathode, a battery is demonstrated to sustain over 3,500 cycles without measureable capacity loss at room temperature. This work provides a base for exploring a family of liquid anodes for rechargeable batteries that potentially meet the requirements for grid-scale electrical energy storage.