Developments in Biological Mechanisms and Treatments for Negative Symptoms and Cognitive Dysfunction of Schizophrenia / 神经科学通报·英文版

The causal mechanisms and treatment for the negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia are the main issues attracting the attention of psychiatrists over the last decade. The first part of this review summarizes the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, especially the negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction from the perspectives of genetics and epigenetics. The second part describes the novel medications and several advanced physical therapies (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation) for the negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction that will optimize the therapeutic strategy for patients with schizophrenia in future.

Developments in Biological Mechanisms and Treatments for Negative Symptoms and Cognitive Dysfunction of Schizophrenia / 神经科学通报·英文版

The causal mechanisms and treatment for the negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia are the main issues attracting the attention of psychiatrists over the last decade. The first part of this review summarizes the pathogenesis of schizophrenia, especially the negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction from the perspectives of genetics and epigenetics. The second part describes the novel medications and several advanced physical therapies (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation and transcranial direct current stimulation) for the negative symptoms and cognitive dysfunction that will optimize the therapeutic strategy for patients with schizophrenia in future.

[External application of No.II prescription on preoperative detumescence for the treatment of calcaneal fracture through tarsal sinus approach].

OBJECTIVE: To explore clinical effect of external application of No.II prescription on preoperative detumescence for the treatment of calcaneal fracture through tarsal sinus approach. METHODS: From November 2016 to June 2018, 67 patients with calcaneal fracture were divided into control group(32 patients with ice compress) and research group(35 patients with external application of No.II prescription) according to different methods of preoperative detumescence. There were 21 males and 14 females in research group, aged from 36 to 52 years old with an average of (44.07±7.31) years old; the time from injury to clinic ranged from 2 to 6 h with an average of(4.32±1.68) h; 9 patients on the left side and 26 patients on the right side; 20 patients were type II, 15 patients were type III according to Sanders classification; treated with external application of No.II prescription. There were 32 patients in control group, including 22 males and 10 females aged from 40 to 52 years old with an average of (46.79±5.47) years old; the time from injury to clinic ranged from 2 to 5 h with an average of (3.89±1.03) h; 14 patients on the left side and 18 patients on the right side; 19 patients were type II and 13 patients were type III according to Sanders classification; treated by ice compress from admission to the first time of occurrence of skin fold. After disappearance of swelling, patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation through tarsal sinus approach. Cross-section diameter of foot and ankle between admission and the first time of occurrence of skin fold were recorded and calculated the difference value. VAS score on the 2nd, 4th and 7th day after admission, preoperative prepare time, operative time, period of hospitalization and fracture healing time between two groups were compared. RESULTS: Difference value of cross-section diameter of foot and ankle in research group were (1.72±0.29) cm and (1.69±0.18) cm respectively, while in control group were (1.08±0.21) cm and (0.91±0.37) cm, the level of swelling in research group was better than that of in control group. VAS score on the 2nd, 4th and 7th day after admission in research group were 8.91±0.33, 6.47±1.09, 4.52±0.91 respectively; while in control group were 6.21±0.19, 3.67±1.18, 2.12±1.17 respectively; VAS score in research group was lower than control group. Preoperative prepare time, period of hospitalization and fracture healing time in research group were shorter than control group, while there was no statistical difference in operative time between two groups. CONCLUSIONS: During the perioperative period, rational application of No.IIfor the treatment of calcaneal fracture through tarsal sinus approach could effectively relieve wound swelling, shorten preoperative preparation and fracture healing time, alleviate pain, improve patient satisfaction, and achieve remarkable clinical results.

[Cloning and expression of the succinate dehydrogenase iron-sulfur protein of Schistosoma japonicum Chinese strain in E. coli].

OBJECTIVE: To clone the full-length gene encoding succinate dehydrogenase iron-sulfur protein of Schistosoma japonicum (SjSDISP) Chinese strain and express it in Escherichia coli. METHODS: According to the published incomplete EST (BU804141) of SjSDISP and the sequence of multiclone sites of lambda gt11 vector, 2 pairs of primers were designed and synthesized. Then the 3' and 5'ends of the EST of the SjSDISP from adult Schistosoma japonicum cDNA library were amplified by anchored PCR. After sequencing, a full-length cDNA sequence of the SjSDISP was obtained, and then it was cloned into prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-4T-1. Identified by agarosed gel electrophoresis, endonucleases digestion and PCR, the resultant recombinant plasmid was used for the expression under the temperature-dependent condition and Western blot analysis. RESULTS: A 1,071 bp sequence was obtained. Sequence analysis showed that the fragment contained a complete open reading frame (ORF), encoding 278 amino acid residues. This target fragment was cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pGEX-4T-1, and expressed in Escherichia coli. SDS-PAGE revealed that the molecular weight of the expressed fusion recombinant product was 56 kD. Western blot showed that the recombinant protein was recognized by polyclonal rabbit antiserum immunized with Schistosoma japonicum adult worm antigen. CONCLUSION: Cloning of the full-length gene encoding SjSDISP and its bacterial expression were successfully done.

[Etiology of infectious diseases in the central nervous system].

OBJECTIVE: To determine the etiological characteristics of infectious diseases in the central neural system (CNS). METHODS: The serum and cerebral spinal fluid of acute patients in the CNS were detected for virus-specific IgM, IgG and pathogens with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay as well as traditional bacterial and fungal culture. RESULTS: Of the 823 patients, 126 (15.3%) patients were positive herpes simplex virus (HSV)-specific IgM and/or IgG, of which the maximum morbidity was under 10 years; 10(1.2%) were positive cytomegalovirus specific IgM and/or IgG; 8 (0.97%) were positive varicella-zoster virus specific IgM and/or IgG; 7 (0.85%) were diagnosed as tubercular meningitis; 6 (0.72%) as cryptocococes meningitis and 1 (0.12%) as meningococcic meningitis. CONCLUSION: Viruses, especially herpes simplex viruses are the common causative agents of infectious diseases of the CNS, in which mycobacterium tuberculosis and cryptocococcus neoformans are conspicuous.

[Hela cells secrete interleukin-8 and interleukin-10 response to Chlamydia trachomatis entry].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the effect of Chlamydia trachomatis serotype K infection on productions of IL-8 and IL-10 in supernatant of cultured Hela cells. METHODS: The levels of IL-8 and IL-10 productions were detected by cell culture method and ELISA assay. RESULTS: The amount of IL-8 and IL-10 in the cell culture supernatant rose with the increasing doses of Chlamydia trachomatis. The concentrations of IL-8 and IL-10 began to increase obviously at 24 h, and reached their highest level at 72 h, and then decreased. Heat-inactivated Chlamydia trachomatis induced lower levels of IL-8 and IL-10 production than live bacteria in vitro. CONCLUSION: The Chlamydia trachomatis can induce the secretion of IL-8 and IL-10 of host cells in a dose and time dependent manner and the intracellar replication of the bacteria is required for enhancing IL-8 and IL-10 productions by the infected cells.