Exploring the material basis of genipin-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro / 药学学报

The current study explored the hepatotoxicity among closed-ring genipin, open-ring tautomer of genipin and gardenia blue that generated from genipin and amino acid reaction using HepaRG cells to identify the material basis of genipin-induced hepatotoxicity in vitro. The effects of temperature, pH value and different kinds of amino acids on the chemical structure tautomerism between closed-ring and open-ring tautomer of genipin and the production of gardenia blue were investigated firstly, which aimed to explicit the conditions that could distinguish the closed-ring genipin and its open-ring tautomer, and the conditions generating gardenia blue, which were applied to prepare different kinds of gardenia blue; the CCK-8 kit was employed to analyze the hepatotoxicity of closed-ring genipin, open-ring tautomer of genipin and gardenia blue. From the results, it was found that, the structure transformation from close-ring to open-ring of genipin could be inhibited under the condition with acid environment; being essential groups to generate gardenia blue, the primary amino group and the open-ring tautomer of genipin reacting to generate the dihydropyridine ring was probably the key structure of gardenia blue; the structure characteristics existed apparent distinction at the reactive temperature of 37 ℃ and 80 ℃; compared to the culture condition with pH = 7.4, the concentration of genipin with close-ring in culture medium was significantly increased at pH = 5, but the cell viability did not decreased; the cell toxicity of gardenia blue was apparently lower than open-ring tautomer of genipin, and even some kinds of gardenia blue showed growth promoting effect on HepaRG cells. Here, it was suggested potentially that open-ring tautomer of genipin be the important material basis to induce hepatotoxicity, which could provide a cue and lay a foundation for the elucidation of the underlying mechanism of genipin-induced hepatotoxicity.

Analysis of gene expression in granulosa cells of ovine antral growing follicles using suppressive subtractive hybridization.

Follicular growth, development and ovulation are highly ordered processes that involve the expression of many genes under precise temporal and spatial regulation. However, information on stage-specific gene expression during the antral follicle phase in sheep is not well understood. In the present study, suppressive subtractive hybridization (SSH) was performed to screen genes that were differentially expressed in the granulosa cells between large follicles (LF, >5mm) and small follicles (SF, 3-5mm), and subtractive cDNA library was constructed. Furthermore, with dot-blot analysis, a total of 90 clones randomly selected from the library were proven to be differentially expressed in the granulosa cells. Among these, 38 exhibited high homology to known genes, 14 sequences were corresponding to novel expressed sequence tags (ESTs). Four ESTs, LAPTM4A, SERPINE2, GSTA1, and INHBA, were further examined the reproducibility of the SSH data by the real-time quantitative PCR. Results confirmed an increase expression of respective mRNA in granulosa cells of large follicles compared with that of small follicles. It is concluded that we have identified several genes (known or unknown) that may effect follicular growth, dominance or ovulation in ewes.

Stage-specific expression of bone morphogenetic protein type I and type II receptor genes: Effects of follicle-stimulating hormone on ovine antral follicles.

We investigated the mRNA expression patterns of receptor genes for bone morphogenetic proteins-15 (BMP15) and growth differentiation factor-9 (GDF-9) in granulosa cells of sheep treated with FSH. The effects of FSH and estradiol (E2) on the regulation of BMPRII, BMPRIB and ALK-5 in ovine granulosa cells were also examined. Ovaries were collected on day 16 of the estrous cycle and granulose cells were harvested from follicles of two sizes (3-5 and >5mm in diameter). For in vitro studies, granulosa cells were obtained from follicles of 3-5mm in diameter and cultured in serum-free McCoy's 5A medium supplemented with different doses of FSH (0, 1, 5, 10ng/ml) or a combination of 5ng/ml FSH with 1ng/ml E2. Expression of BMPRII, BMPRIB and ALK-5 mRNA was estimated by quantitative real-time PCR. Our results demonstrated that BMPRII, BMPRIB and ALK-5 expression was significantly higher in the granulosa cells of large follicles than of small follicles. Treatment of granulose cells with FSH (1-10ng/ml) alone down-regulated the expression of BMPRIB (P<0.05). BMPRII and ALK-5 mRNA expression was not significantly different at an FSH concentration of 5ng/ml compared to control. A further increase in FSH (10ng/ml) down-regulated the expression of BMPRII and ALK-5 (P<0.05). The combination of FSH (5ng/ml) and E2 (1ng/ml) up-regulated the expression of BMPRII, BMPRIB and ALK-5 in granulose cells (P<0.05). Therefore, the present study establishes the expression levels of the receptor genes of BMP15 and GDF-9 and suggests that the expression of BMPRII, BMPRIB and ALK-5 may be regulated by FSH and E2 in ovine granulosa cells.

Effects of different activation protocols on preimplantation development, apoptosis and ploidy of bovine parthenogenetic embryos.

The objective of this study was to optimize the protocols for bovine oocytes activation through comparing the effectiveness of different treatments on the activation and subsequent development of oocytes and examining the effects of two combined activation treatments on the blastocyst apoptosis and ploidy. Cumulus-oocyte complexes (COCs) were recovered from abattoir-derived ovaries and matured in vitro. After maturation, cumulus-free oocytes were activated according to the experiment designs. Activated oocytes were cultured in vitro in modified synthetic oviductal fluid (mSOF) medium and assessed for pronuclear formation (15-16 h), cleavage (46-48 h) and development to the blastocyst stage. In Experiment 1, the matured oocytes were treated with single activation agents, including ionomycin (5 microM for 5 min), ethanol (7% for 7 min), calcium ionophore A23187 (5 microM for 5 min) or strontium (10mM for 5h). The pronuclear formation and cleavage rate were higher significantly in ionomycin (39.0 and 30.7%) and ethanol (41.5 and 28.1%) treatment alone compared to other treatments (9.7-25.2 and 11.3-23.7%, respectively, P<0.05). Very low blastocyst rates (3.9-5.3%) resulted which were not significantly different among treatments (P>0.05). For the combined activation treatment (Experiment 2), the same concentrations of ionomycin and ethanol as in Experiment 1 were used in combination with either 6-dimethylaminopurine (6-DMAP, 2.0 mM for 3 h) or cycloheximide (CHX)+cytochalasin B (CB, 10 microg/ml for 3 h). The pronuclear formation, cleavage rate, blastocyst rate and cell number of blastocyst were higher significantly (P<0.05) in ionomycin+6-DMAP treatment (67.1, 69.2, 28.0 and 91.3%, respectively) and ethanol+CHX+CB treatment (68.9, 70.2, 25.5 and 89.3%, respectively) compared to other treatments (11.7-58.1, 10.2-47.1, 1.5-24.2 and 34.2-62.7%, respectively). In Experiment 3, the parthenogenetic blastocysts produced by activation with ionomycin+6-DAMP and ethanol+CHX+CB and in vitro fertilized blastocysts (control group) were examined for apoptosis using a terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase mediated deoxyuridine 5-triphosphate nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. The ethanol+CHX+CB treatment (7.0%) showed significantly lower blastocyst apoptosis index compared to ionomycin+6-DAMP treatment (9.1%, P<0.05). Furthermore, the chromosomal composition in the parthenotes embryos differed (P<0.05) among treatments. The percentage of haploid parthenotes was higher in ionomycin+6-DMAP treatment than ethanol+CHX+CB treatment. These results suggested that ethanol+CHX+CB treatment was more favorable protocol for parthenogenesis of bovine oocytes.

Improvement in bovine embryo production in vitro by treatment with green tea polyphenols during in vitro maturation of oocytes.

The present study examined the effect of green tea polyphenols (GTP) during in vitro maturation (IVM) of bovine oocytes on in vitro fertilization (IVF) parameters, intracellular glutathione (GSH) concentration and subsequent embryo development. Cumulus-oocyte complexes were aspirated from the ovaries derived from slaughterhouse and cultured in modified synthetic oviduct fluid (m-SOF) supplemented with 0-25 microM GTP for 24h. After IVM, cumulus-free oocytes were coincubated with frozen-thawed spermatozoa for 15-18 h. Putative embryos were transferred to m-SOF and cultured for 8 days (Experiment 1). In comparison with the absence of GTP, treatment with GTP at a concentration of 15 microM showed a significant increase in the proportion of pronuclear (PN) formation after sperm penetration (65% versus 80%, P<0.05). No significant differences in the rates of sperm penetration and polyspermic fertilization were found among treatments. The cleavage rate at 48 h of in vitro insemination showed no difference in oocytes matured with or without GTP. However, compared to no addition (23.5%), the presence of 15 and 20 microM GTP during IVM significantly (P<0.05) increased the proportion of blastocysts (38.1% and 36.4%) on day 9 of in vitro insemination. A further increase from 20 to 25 microM GTP reduced (P<0.05) the proportion of blastocysts. In Experiment 2, after IVM, oocytes were fixed to analyze the GSH concentration. Compared to no addition, a higher (P<0.05) level of GSH was found in oocytes matured with 15 microM GTP and compared with 15 microM GTP, GSH was low (P<0.05) at 20 and 25 microM GTP. The results suggest that at certain concentrations of GTP (15 microM) in IVM medium has beneficial effects on subsequent embryo development, and is correlated with intracellular GSH level in bovine oocytes.