Intramolecular Hosomi-Sakurai Reaction for the Synthesis of Benzoxasiloles.

A Lewis acid-catalyzed intramolecular Hosomi-Sakurai reaction of o-(allylsilyl)benzaldehyde/ketone has been developed. The reaction proceeds through simultaneous C-Si bond cleavage and C-C bond reconstruction. This protocol provides a rapid approach for the synthesis of allyl-substituted benzoxasiloles under mild conditions.

The host sex contributes to the endophytic bacterial community in Sargassum thunbergii and their receptacles.

Endophytic bacteria have a complex coevolutionary relationship with their host macroalgae. Dioecious macroalgae are important producers in marine ecosystems, but there is still a lack of research on how sex influences their endophytic bacteria. In this study, the endophytic bacterial communities in male and female S. thunbergii and their reproductive tissues (receptacles) were compared using culture methods and high-throughput sequencing. The endophytic bacterial communities detected by the two methods were different. Among the 78 isolated strains, the dominant phylum, genus, and species were Bacillota, Alkalihalobacillus, and Alkalihalobacillus algicola, respectively, in the algal bodies, while in the receptacles, they were Bacillota, Vibrio, and Vibrio alginolyticus. However, 24 phyla and 349 genera of endophytic bacteria were identified by high-throughput sequencing, and the dominant phylum and genus were Pseudomonadota and Sva0996_ Marine_ Group, respectively, in both the algal body and the receptacles. The two methods showed similar compositions of endophytic bacterial communities between the samples of different sexes, but the relative abundances of dominant and specific taxa were different. The high-throughput sequencing results showed more clearly that the sex of the host alga had an effect on its endophyte community assembly and a greater effect on the endophytic bacterial community in the receptacles. Moreover, most specific bacteria and predicted functional genes that differed between the samples from the males and females were related to metabolism, suggesting that metabolic differences are the main causes of sex differences in the endophytic bacterial community. Our research is the first to show that host sex contributes to the composition of endophytic bacterial communities in dioecious marine macroalgae. The results enrich the database of endophytic bacteria of dioecious marine macroalgae and pave the way for better understanding the assembly mechanism of the endophytic bacterial community of algae.

Community structure of endophytic bacteria of Sargassum thubergii in the intertidal zone of Qingdao in China.

Endophytic bacteria are one of the symbiotic microbial groups closely related to host algae. However, less research on the endophytic bacteria of marine algae. In this study, the endophytic bacterial community of Sargassum thunbergii was investigated using the culture method and high-throughput sequencing. Thirty-nine endophytic bacterial strains, belonging to two phyla, five genera and sixteen species, were isolated, and Firmicutes, Bacillus and Metabacillus indicus were the dominant taxa at the phylum, genus and species level, respectively. High-throughput sequencing revealed 39 phyla and 574 genera of endophytic bacteria, and the dominant phylum was Proteobacteria, while the dominant genus was Ralstonia. The results also indicated that the endophytic bacteria of S. thunbergii included various groups with nitrogen fixation, salt tolerance, pollutant degradation, and antibacterial properties but also contained some pathogenic bacteria. Additionally, the endophytic bacterial community shared a large number of groups with the epiphytic bacteria and bacteria in the surrounding seawater, but the three groups of samples could be clustered separately. In conclusion, there are a variety of functional endophytic bacteria living in S. thunbergii, and the internal condition of algae is a selective factor for the formation of endophytic bacterial communities. This study enriched the database of endophytic bacteria in marine macroalgae, paving the way for further understanding of the interrelationships between endophytic bacteria, macroalgae, and the environment.

Genome-Wide Identification and Analysis of Catharanthus roseus Receptor-like Kinase 1-like Proteins in Eggplant.

As an important member of the plant receptor-like kinases, Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like (CrRLK1L) plays vital roles in plant growth and development, as well as biotic and abiotic stress response. Numerous CrRLK1Ls have been identified and analyzed in various plant species, while our knowledge about eggplant (Solanum melongena L.) CrRLK1Ls is still scarce. Utilizing state-of-the-art genomic data, we conducted the first genome-wide identification and analysis of CrRLK1L proteins in eggplant. In this study, 32 CrRLK1L proteins were identified and analyzed in eggplant. A subsequent gene structure and protein domain analysis showed that the identified eggplant CrRLK1Ls possessed typical features of CrRLK1Ls. A subcellular localization prediction demonstrated that these proteins mostly localized on the plasma membrane. A collinearity analysis showed that some eggplant CrRLK1L genes had predicted intraspecies or interspecies evolutionary duplication events. Promoter analysis suggests that eggplant CrRLK1Ls may be involved in plant hormone signaling, host-pathogen interactions, and environmental responses. Based on transcriptomic gene expression analysis, it is indicated that eggplant CrRLK1Ls may be involved in the resistance response of eggplant to Botrytis cinerea. Together, these results will give us a theoretical foundation and guidance for elaborating the biological functions of CrRLK1Ls in eggplant growth, development, and resistance response.

Microbial metabolism and humic acid formation in response to enhanced copper and zinc passivation during composting of wine grape pomace and pig manure.

Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) in piglet feed can lead to heavy metals (HMs) accumulation in pig manure (PM). Composting is crucial for recycling biowaste and decreasing HMs bioavailability. This study aimed to investigate the impact of adding wine grape pomace (WGP) on the bioavailability of HMs during PM composting. WGP facilitated the passivation of HMs through Cytophagales and Saccharibacteria_genera_incertae_sedis which promoted the formation of humic acid (HA). Polysaccharide and aliphatic groups in HA dominated the transformation of chemical forms of HMs. Moreover, adding 60% and 40% WGP enhanced the Cu and Zn passivation effects by 47.24% and 25.82%, respectively. Polyphenol conversion rate and core bacteria were identified as key factors in affecting HMs passivation. These results offered new insights into the fate of HMs during PM composting in response to the addition of WGP, which is helpful to practical application of WGP to inactivate HMs for improving compost quality.

Genome-Wide Re-Identification and Analysis of CrRLK1Ls in Tomato.

The Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase 1-like (CrRLK1L), which is a vital member of the plant receptor-like kinase family, plays versatile roles in plant growth, development, and stress response. Although the primary screening of tomato CrRLK1Ls has been reported previously, our knowledge of these proteins is still scarce. Using the latest genomic data annotations, a genome-wide re-identification and analysis of the CrRLK1Ls in tomatoes were conducted. In this study, 24 CrRLK1L members were identified in tomatoes and researched further. Subsequent gene structures, protein domains, Western blot analyses, and subcellular localization analyses all confirmed the accuracy of the newly identified SlCrRLK1L members. Phylogenetic analyses showed that the identified SlCrRLK1L proteins had homologs in Arabidopsis. Evolutionary analysis indicated that two pairs of the SlCrRLK1L genes had predicted segmental duplication events. Expression profiling analyses demonstrated that the SlCrRLK1L genes were expressed in various tissues, and most of them were up- or down-regulated by bacteria and PAMP treatments. Together, these results will lay the foundation for elaborating the biological roles of SlCrRLK1Ls in tomato growth, development, and stress response.

Sex plays a role in the construction of epiphytic bacterial communities on the algal bodies and receptacles of Sargassum thunbergii.

The community structures of epiphytic bacteria on the surface of macroalgae are closely related to their host algae, but there is a lack of research on the differences between the epiphytic bacterial communities of male and female algae and their reproductive tissues. In this study, high-throughput sequencing was used to compare epiphytic bacterial community structures on the intertidal macroalgae Sargassum thunbergii and their receptacles between male and female samples. The epiphytic bacteria on the male and female algal bodies and receptacles had similar community structures with a large number of shared bacteria, but the samples clearly clustered separately, and the abundances of dominant taxa, specific bacteria, and indicator species differed, indicating that epiphytic bacterial communities differed significantly between the male and female S. thunbergii and their receptacles. In addition, the abundance of many predicted functional genes was significantly different between epiphytic bacteria on male and female algal bodies and receptacles, especially metabolism-related genes, and the abundances of predicted functional genes of epiphytic bacteria were significantly higher on both types of male samples than on female samples. Our study confirmed that the sex of the host algae influenced the epiphytic bacterial community structures on algae and algal reproductive tissues, and this role was mainly related to the host metabolism. The results reveal the role of host plant sex in the formation of epiphytic bacterial communities. These findings are helpful for obtaining an in-depth understanding of the construction mechanism of algae-associated bacteria.

Peak-to-peak standard deviation based bubble detection method in sodium flow with electromagnetic vortex flowmeter.

The steam generator (SG) is a heat exchange device between a sodium coolant and water in sodium-cooled fast reactors. Its transfer tubes are prone to leakage to result in sodium-water reaction, which will affect the operational safety of the entire nuclear reactor. To this end, a signal processing method is studied to detect the SG leakage using an electromagnetic vortex flowmeter (EVFM). Water flow is firstly used to replace liquid sodium for conducting the hydraulic experiments, and the output signal of the sensor of the EVFM (abbreviated as EVFM sensor output signal) is collected under different gas injection volumes. The characteristics of the signal are analyzed in the time domain, and the collected signals are modeled. A signal processing method of bubble detection in liquid sodium is proposed based on the peak-to-peak standard deviation, which is realized in real time on the hardware system based on a digital signal processor. The gas injection experiments in liquid sodium are conducted to verify the effectiveness of the signal processing method and system developed in this paper. The minimum amount leakage of water can be detected as 0.1 g/s.

Transient process based electromagnetic flow measurement methods and implementation.

The ordinary electromagnetic flowmeter (EMF) utilizes the steady-state period of the excitation current for measuring the flow rate in order to ensure zero stability and measurement accuracy. In this paper, the transient process of EMF is studied to measure the flow rate so as to realize applications requiring ultra-low power consumption, for example, water meters. For this reason, the dynamic excitation current and signal voltage of the transient process are analyzed, and three kinds of transient measurement methods are proposed to determine the relationship between the processing results of the signal voltage and flow rates. They are the voltage-current ratio method, voltage-current differential method, and differential interference compensation method. In order to verify these measurement methods, a DSP (Digital Signal Processor) that is the same processing chip as the current ordinary electromagnetic flow transmitter is selected to design a hardware system of the transmitter, and the excitation current and signal voltage of the transient process are acquired. Analysis of experimental data shows that there is a good linear relationship between the processing results of the signal voltage and flow rates. The software of the electromagnetic flow transmitter based on DSP is developed, and the transient measurement methods are realized in real time so as to perform the water flow calibration experiments and power consumption tests. The experimental results show that the measurement accuracy is 0.5% which is the same as the ordinary EMF. Comparisons of power consumption show that the excitation power consumption of EMF based on the transient measurement principle is 1/1200 of that of the ordinary EMF.

[Expression of Nerve Growth Factor and Type 3 of Acid Sensitive Ion Channels in Rat Model of Type â ¢ Prostatitis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the expressions of nerve growth factor (NGF) and acid-sensing ion channel 3 (ASIC3) in prostatic tissue of experimental rats with type Ⅲ prostatitis. METHODS: Thirty SD rats were randomly allocated into control group and experimental group. The rats in control group were subjected to pelvic and bilateral scapular subcutaneous injections of 0.9% sodium chloride,while the rats in experimental group were given pelvic and bilateral scapular subcutaneous injections of mixed suspension of complete Freund's adjuvant and prostatic tissue to induce autoimmune prostatitis (EAP).Tactile allodynia was quantified using Von-Frey as a measure of pelvic pain behavior. This measurement was performed on 0th,5th,10th,20th,30th and 40th day in the two groups. After that,the prostate samples were collected and processed for HE staining,while the expressions of NGF and ASIC3 were measured by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. RESULTS: Von-Frey filaments measurement showed that pelvis pain in EAP group was significantly more obvious than that in control group. HE staining found lymphocytes and neutrophils infiltrated in the prostate of EAP rats,but no inflammatory cells in the prostate of control group rats. The expressions of NGF and ASIC3 were significantly increased in EAP group when compared with control group ( P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The expressions of NGF and ASIC3 in the prostate with EAP were significantly increased,which may be the important mediators of chronic pelvic pain.

Bacteriophage T4 nanoparticle capsid surface SOC and HOC bipartite display with enhanced classical swine fever virus immunogenicity: a powerful immunological approach.

The phage T4 HOC, SOC bipartite display system is attractive for the expression of cDNA and display of peptides or proteins at high copy numbers on the phage capsid surface. Until recently, using T4 phage vector to display large foreign molecular immunogens resulted only from either an SOC or HOC single site. In this report, the main advantages of the phage T4 system over other display technologies are substantiated by using the phage T4 SOC, HOC dual site display vector T4-Zh(-) to express: (1) on the SOC site, the classical swine fever virus (CSFV) major antigenic determinant cluster mE2 (123 amino acid, aa) through gene fusion to the SOC gene C-terminus of T4 genome, and (2) on the HOC site, full-length CSFV primary antigen E2 (371 aa) through a co-transformed plasmid, hence leading to a simultaneous display of both proteins on the T4 capsid surface. The immunogenicities of these constructs were measured by ID-ELISA, dot-ELISA, Western blotting, and immunogenic response in mice including humoral and cellular immunity tests. The immunological efficiencies both in vitro and in mice of phage T4 with both single site and dual site displays, as well as conventional Escherichia coli plasmid expression, were evaluated. The animal immune response data showed that the antibody titers elicited by the T4 phage-CSFV recombinants were significantly higher than those obtained by E. coli plasmid expression, and the unpurified double site display T4 phage particles were around two times higher than either single site display or plasmid expression while being at lower phage concentrations than the single site phages. The immunogens were effective in the absence of eukaryotic protein modifications. Therefore, the phage T4 dual site display emerges as a powerful method with an enhanced immune response in animals for research and development of immunological products.