The Role of IL-36 in the Pathophysiological Processes of Autoimmune Diseases.

A member of the interleukin (IL)-1 superfamily was IL-36, which contained IL-36α, IL-36ß, IL-36γ, and IL-36Ra. Heterotrimer complexes, consisting of heterodimeric receptor complexes and IL-36 agonist, gave signals through intracellular functional domains, so as to bind to downstream proteins and induce inflammatory response. IL-36 agonists upregulated mature-associated CD80, CD86, MHCII, and inductively produced several pro-inflammatory cytokines through the IL-36R-dependent manner in dendritic cells (DCs). Besides, DCs had the ability to initiate the differentiation of helper T (Th) cells. Up to date, the role of IL-36 in immunity, inflammation and other diseases is of great importance. Additionally, autoimmune diseases were characterized by excessive immune response, resulting in damage and dysfunction of specific or multiple organs and tissues. Most autoimmune diseases were related to inflammatory response. In this review, we will conclude the recent research advances of IL-36 in the occurrence and development of autoimmune diseases, which may provide new insight for the future research and the treatment of these diseases.

The Pathological Mechanism and Potential Application of IL-38 in Autoimmune Diseases.

Interleukin-38 (IL-38), a new cytokine of interleukin-1 family (IL-1F), is expressed in the human heart, kidney, skin, etc. Recently, new evidence indicated that IL-38 is involved in the process of different autoimmune diseases. Autoimmune diseases are a cluster of diseases accompanied with tissue damage caused by autoimmune reactions, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA), psoriasis, etc. This review summarized the links between IL-38 and autoimmune diseases, as well as the latest knowledge about the function and regulatory mechanism of IL-38 in autoimmune diseases. Especially, this review focused on the differentiation of immune cells and explore future prospects, such as the application of IL-38 in new technologies. Understanding the function of IL-38 is helpful to shed light on the progress of autoimmune diseases.

Long Noncoding RNA 00472: A Novel Biomarker in Human Diseases.

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play important roles in human diseases. They control gene expression levels and influence various biological processes through multiple mechanisms. Functional abnormalities in lncRNAs are strongly associated with occurrence and development of various diseases. LINC00472, which is located on chromosome 6q13, is involved in several human diseases, particularly cancers of the breast, lung, liver, osteosarcoma, bladder, colorectal, ovarian, pancreatic and stomach. Importantly, LINC00472 can be used as a biomarker for breast cancer cell sensitivity to chemotherapeutic regimens, including doxorubicin. LINC00472 is regulated by microRNAs and several signaling pathways. However, the significance of LINC00472 in human diseases has not been clearly established. In this review, we elucidate on the significance of LINC00472 in various human diseases, indicating that LINC00472 may be a diagnostic, prognostic as well as therapeutic target for these diseases.

[Analysis of the diagnosis and treatment of recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis in 80 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the appropriate therapy for treating recurrent vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). METHODS: Individual consolidated and maintenance therapy were chosen according to fungal culture of vaginal secretion and antifungal drug sensitivity per month as one therapy duration. Drugs were used orally and vaginally together to consolidate the therapy. Oral drugs were fluconazole (0.15 qw after 0.15 q3d for 2 times) or ketoconazole (0.2, bid for 3 days ) or itraconazole (0.2 bid for 3 days ). After Nystain (400 000 unit qn for 7 days ) or clotrimazole(0.1 qn for 7 days) or amphotericin B (0.01 qn for 6 days ) being vaginally used, Living preparation of lactobacillus (0.25 qn for 5 days) was vaginally used. The therapy was continued for 2 to 5 therapy durations after the symptoms disappeared with negative fungal culture. RESULTS: Among 80 cases of RVVC, C. albicans was mostly detected (74%), C. glabrata was 20%. The susceptivity to candidas of oral agents revealed that the sensitive rare of ketoconazole, fluconazole and itraconazole were (91.3%), (81.3%) and (62.5%), respectively. As for vaginal agents, nystain and amphotericin B were 100% sensitive, clotrimazole was 92.5%sensitive, miconazole was 55.0% sensitive. The remote cure of 3 and 6 therapy durations after discontinuing for 12 months was 78.9% and 90.4% CONCLUSION: The predominant pathogen in RVVC is C. albicans. The effective measures to cure RVVC are to choose sensitive drugs for individual consolidated, maintenance therapy and restore vaginal acidic environment.

[Clinical analysis of 22 cases of Bartholin gland cyst or abscess treated with trocar puncture].

This study was designed to observe the effects of trocar puncture in the treatment of Bartholin gland cyst or abscess. The cure rate of these 22 cases was 100%, and no relapse of the disease occurred during the follow-up lasting for 5 to 12 months. Trocar puncture proves to be effective in the treatment of bartholin gland cyst or abscess, especially when the size is less than 3.0 cm.