Isolation of antithrombotic phenolic compounds from the leaves of Crataegus pinnatifida.

Four novel phenolic compounds (1-4) were isolated from the leaves of Crataegus pinnatifida, along with three known ones (5-7). Their structures were elucidated as: methyl 4-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-3-[(2E,6E)-8-O-ß-D-glucopyranosyl-3,7-dimethyl-2,6-octadienyl] benzoate (1), biphenyl-5-ol-3-O-ß-D-glucoside (2), 3,4'-dimethoxy-biphenyl-5-ol-4-O-ß-D-glucoside (3), (E)-6-(benzoyloxy)-1-hydroxyhex-3-en-2-O-ß-D-glucoside (4), shanyenoside A (5), eriodectyol (6), and 2″-O-rhamnosyl vitexin (7), using a combination of mass spectroscopy, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy, and chemical analysis. The antithrombotic activity of the isolated compounds was investigated on the transgenic zebra fish system. Among them, eriodectyol (6) potently inhibited the production of thrombus.

Tracking antiangiogenic components from Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. based on zebrafish assays using high-speed countercurrent chromatography.

Natural products are some of the most important sources of lead compounds for drug discovery. The advanced isolation technique of lead compounds of natural origin using therapeutically relevant bioassays is capable of enhancing work efficiency from complex multiconstituent extracts. In the present study, a bioassay-guided isolation strategy combined with bioactivity screening was used to identify novel angiogenesis inhibitors from licorice (Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch.) based on the zebrafish model and rapid preparative separation by high-speed countercurrent chromatography. Zebrafish embryos at 24 h postfertilization were chosen as the angiogenesis inhibition model for bioactivity screening. A solvent system (n-hexane-ethyl acetate-methanol-water) with different ratios was optimized and applied in the high-speed countercurrent chromatography separation of two fractions, Fr5 and Fr6, from the ethyl acetate extract of licorice. Blood circulation and vascular outgrowth in intersegmental vessels were found to be simultaneously inhibited by isoliquiritigenin and isolicoflavonol in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, these two compounds were identified and considered as active inhibitors against angiogenesis. These experimental results indicate that zebrafish bioassays combined with high-speed countercurrent chromatography may provide an alternative pathway for the rapid isolation of bioactive natural products.

Toxicity induced by emodin on zebrafish embryos.

Emodin, a widely available herbal remedy, has a variety of pharmacological actions and valuable clinical applications. The potential effect of emodin on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos was evaluated. Zebrafish embryos were incubated with 0.1-2 µg/mL of emodin from 7 hours to 6 days postfertilization (dpf). Emodin, at concentrations of 0.25 µg/mL and above, negatively affected embryo survival and hatching success. Emodin induced a large suite of abnormalities on zebrafish embryos, such as edema, crooked trunk, and abnormal morphogenesis. To elucidate the mechanism of action, the transcript levels of drug-metabolism genes (CYP3A) and a multiple drug-resistance gene (MDR1) were detected by reverse-transcript polymerase chain reaction. Embryos showed increases in mRNA accumulation of CYP3A and MDR1. The above-described results indicated that emodin impaired zebrafish embryo development and some organ morphogenesis, and CYP3A and MDR1 were involved in the process. These findings suggest that emodin was toxic to zebrafish lavae at relatively low concentrations.