Associations of cognitive impairment and longitudinal change in cognitive function with the risk of fatal stroke in middle-aged to older Chinese.

It is unclear whether cognitive impairment and the longitudinal change in cognition are associated with the risk of fatal stroke in aging populations. Based on the Guangzhou Biobank Cohort Study data a sum of 26,064 participants at baseline and all deaths caused by stroke in a mean follow-up of 14.3 years (standard deviation = 3.2) were included, and the Cox proportional hazard regression was used in this prospective cohort study. Cognitive impairment was respectively associated with an increased risk of fatal strokes (the adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.38, 95% CI1.16-1.64, P < 0.001) and fatal ischaemic stroke (aHR = 1.39, 95% CI1.10-1.77, P = 0.007), compared to median cognition; the Delayed Word Recall Test (DWRT) score was associated with a decreasing trend for the risk of fatal strokes in a restricted cubic spline analysis; the longitudinal DWRT score decline was associated with the increased risks of fatal strokes (aHR = 1.42, 95% CI 1.11-1.82, P = 0.006) and fatal haemorrhagic stroke (aHR = 1.75, 95% CI 1.10-2.78, P = 0.02), compared to the longitudinal DWRT score rise. In summary, cognitive impairment and the longitudinal decline in DWRT scores were associated with the increased risk of fatal strokes; early screening of cognitive function should be conducive to predictive intervention in fatal stroke among relatively healthy middle-aged to older populations.

Overview of ectopic pancreas.

This editorial discusses the article written by Zheng et al that was published in the latest edition of the World Journal of Gastrointestinal Surgery. Our primary focus is on the causes, location, diagnosis, histological classification, and therapy of ectopic pancreas. Ectopic pancreas refers to the presence of pancreatic tissue that is situated in a location outside its usual anatomical placement, and is not connected to the normal pancreas in terms of blood supply or anatomical structure. Currently, the embryological origin of ectopic pancreas remains uncertain. The most prevalent form of ectopic pancreatic is gastric ectopic pancreas. Endoscopic ultrasonography examination can visualize the morphological characteristics of the ectopic pancreatic lesion and pinpoint its anatomical location. The histological categorization of ectopic pancreas evolves. Endoscopic treatment has been widely advocated in ectopic pancreas.

MIBPred: Ensemble Learning-Based Metal Ion-Binding Protein Classifier.

In biological organisms, metal ion-binding proteins participate in numerous metabolic activities and are closely associated with various diseases. To accurately predict whether a protein binds to metal ions and the type of metal ion-binding protein, this study proposed a classifier named MIBPred. The classifier incorporated advanced Word2Vec technology from the field of natural language processing to extract semantic features of the protein sequence language and combined them with position-specific score matrix (PSSM) features. Furthermore, an ensemble learning model was employed for the metal ion-binding protein classification task. In the model, we independently trained XGBoost, LightGBM, and CatBoost algorithms and integrated the output results through an SVM voting mechanism. This innovative combination has led to a significant breakthrough in the predictive performance of our model. As a result, we achieved accuracies of 95.13% and 85.19%, respectively, in predicting metal ion-binding proteins and their types. Our research not only confirms the effectiveness of Word2Vec technology in extracting semantic information from protein sequences but also highlights the outstanding performance of the MIBPred classifier in the problem of metal ion-binding protein types. This study provides a reliable tool and method for the in-depth exploration of the structure and function of metal ion-binding proteins.

A label-free activatable biosensor for in situ detection of exosomal microRNAs based on DNA-AgNCs and hairpin type nucleic acid probes.

Exosomal microRNA (miRNA) is a potential biomarker for cancer diagnosis, metastasis, and treatment. In situ detection of exosomal miRNA is an attractive option due to its simplicity and high accuracy. However, in situ exosomal miRNA detection has encountered challenges because of the low target abundance of targets and limited probe permeability. Herein, a label-free and activatable biosensor was developed for in situ exosomal miRNA assays by utilizing hairpin-shaped nucleic acid probes and DNA-hosted silver nanoclusters (DNA-AgNCs). The probe is directly internalized into the exosomes, and then hybridized with the target miRNA-21. Subsequently, the DNA-AgNCs are pulled closer to the G-rich sequence, ultimately leading to in situ red fluorescence activation. The biosensor not only can detect exosomal miRNA-21 but also distinguish cancer cells from normal cells. Under optimal reaction conditions, the detection limit (LOD) of exosomal miRNA-21 is 1.53 × 107 particles per mL. Furthermore, DNA-AgNCs are used as label-free signal elements for in situ detection of exosomal miRNAs for the first time, expanding the application of nanomaterials in this field. This strategy does not require tedious RNA extraction steps and expensive instruments, and may develop into a non-invasive diagnostic tool for ovarian cancer.

Safety and efficacy of non-reduced use of caspofungin in patients with Child-Pugh B or C cirrhosis: a real-world study.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The need for dose adjustment of caspofungin in patients with hepatic impairment is controversial, especially for those with Child-Pugh B or C cirrhosis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the safety and efficacy of standard-dose caspofungin administration in Child-Pugh B and C cirrhotic patients in a real-world clinical setting. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The electronic medical records of 258 cirrhotic patients, including 67 Child-Pugh B patients and 191 Child-Pugh C patients, who were treated with standard-dose of caspofungin at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, China, from March 2018 to June 2023 were reviewed retrospectively. The white blood cells (WBC), hepatic, renal and coagulation function results before administration and post administration on days 7, 14 and 21 were collected, and the efficacy was assessed in all patients at the end of caspofungin therapy. RESULTS: Favorable responses were achieved in 137 (53.1%) patients while 34 (13.2%) patients died. We observed that some patients experienced an increase of prothrombin time (PT) or international normalized ratio (INR), or a decrease of WBC, but no exacerbation of hepatic or renal dysfunction were identified and no patient required dose interruption or adjustment because of an adverse drug reaction during treatment with caspofungin. CONCLUSIONS: Standard-dose of caspofungin can be safely and effectively used in patients with Child-Pugh B or C cirrhosis, and we appealed to re-assess the most suitable dosing regimen in this population to avoid a potential subtherapeutic exposure.

A 20-year shift in China's sewage sludge heavy metals and its feasibility of nutrient recovery in land use.

Recycling resources from wastewater is even more important for developing a more sustainable society. Disposing sewage sludge, which accumulates most pollutants and resources in sewage, is the main challenge in wastewater pollution control and resource utilization. Heavy metals (HMs) are the greatest constraint limiting the application of sewage sludge to land as a sustainable use of this material. We conducted a meta-analysis of the concentrations of HMs in Chinese sewage sludge by combining data from studies published from 2000 to 2019 (N = 8477). Over this period, the reported concentrations of HMs in sewage sludge declined in three stages (a fluctuating stage, a slight decrease stage, and a rapid and stable decrease stage). The results revealed that economic development and environmental policy implementation were the main factors mitigating HM pollution in sewage sludge in China. Moreover, if environmental regulations were strengthened and HM pollution-mitigation strategies were made consistent, such that the proportion of sewage sludge applied to land in China could be increased from 18.6% to 48.0% (the proportion applied to land in the United States), the ecosystem services analysis showed that huge ecological-economic benefits could be realized (3.1 billion Chinese Yuan) and the use of fertilizers could be substantially reduced (the use of nitrogen fertilizers by 8.5% and the use of phosphate fertilizers by 18.1%). This review shows that China should formulate a unified policy and interdepartmental committee for sustainable application of sewage sludge to land and wastewater resource recycling management.

Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Preserves Mitochondrial Function in the Ischemic Heart: A Redox-dependent Mechanism for AMPK Activation by Thioredoxin-1.

ABSTRACT: Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) protects the ischemic heart by activating adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling. However, the molecular mechanisms linking ALDH2 and AMPK signaling are not fully understood. This study aimed to explore the potential mechanisms linking ALDH2 and AMPK in myocardial ischemic injury. An ischemic model was established by ligating the left anterior descending coronary artery in rats. The overexpression or knockdown of ALDH2 in H9c2 cells treated with oxygen-glucose deprivation was obtained through lentivirus infection. Transferase-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling was used to evaluate apoptosis in an ischemic rat model and oxygen-glucose deprivation cells. ALDH2 activity, mitochondrial oxidative stress markers, adenosine triphosphate, respiratory control ratio, and cell viability in H9c2 cells were evaluated using a biological kit and 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyl tetrazolium bromide. Protein expression of ALDH2 , 4-hydroxynonenal, thioredoxin-1 (Trx-1), and AMPK-proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator-1 alpha (PGC-1α) signaling pathway was detected through Western blotting. ALDH2 activation reduced ischemic-induced myocardial infarct size and apoptosis. ALDH2 protected mitochondrial function by enhancing mitochondrial respiratory control ratio and adenosine triphosphate production, alleviated mitochondrial oxidative stress, and suppressed myocardial apoptosis. Moreover, ALDH2 attenuated ischemia-induced oxidative stress and maintained Trx-1 levels by reducing 4-hydroxynonenal, thereby promoting AMPK-PGC-1α signaling activation. Inhibiting Trx-1 or AMPK abolished the cardioprotective effect of ALDH2 on ischemia. ALDH2 alleviates myocardial injury through increased mitochondrial biogenesis and reduced oxidative stress, and these effects were achieved through Trx1-mediating AMPK-PGC1-α signaling activation.

Analysis of Enrichment Pathway, Hub Gene, and Protein-Protein Interaction Network in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Construction of Molecular Subtypes in Peripheral Blood.

Objective: To analyze the enrichment pathway, hub gene, and Protein-protein interaction (PPI) network of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and construct peripheral blood subtypes based on integrated bioinformatics analysis. Methods: Suitable datasets were screened from the GEO database based on titles and abstracts, batch positive analysis was performed using R language, and KEGG enrichment analysis and GO enrichment analysis were performed. After screening the differential genes, the PPI network was constructed, and the hubba plug-in of Cytoscape software was used to obtain the top 10 hub genes(key regulatory genes). hub genes were used as the typing condition to identify the molecular subtypes of synovial tissue and peripheral blood of arthritis. Results: GSE12021 and GSE93272 have been chosen for analysis. GSE12021 presents the transcriptome analysis of human joint synovial tissue, comprising 12 samples from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 9 samples from normal healthy individuals. On the other hand, GSE93272 includes human peripheral blood samples, comprising 232 samples from patients with rheumatoid arthritis and 43 samples from normal healthy individuals. The main results of GSE12021 KEGG enrichment were Parathyroid hormone synthesis, Relaxin signaling pathway, TNF signaling pathway, Rheumatoid arthritis, T cell receptor signaling pathway, Th1 and Th2 cell differentiation, Th17 cell differentiation, Toll-like receptor signaling pathway and so on. The main results of GSE12021 GO enrichment were regulation of feeding behavior, regulation of neuron death, positive regulation of cell-cell adhesion, and positive regulation of leukocyte activation. The top 10 hub genes were CD8A, JUN, CTLA4, CD19, LCK, FOS, CCL5, IL7R, CCR7 and CD247. Synovial tissue and peripheral blood subtypes of rheumatoid arthritis showed that the two classification methods maintained consistency. Conclusion: Identifying the Hub gene in peripheral blood helps screen molecular subtypes of rheumatoid arthritis.

Interpretation of 2023 American Heart Association and American Academy of Pediatrics focused update on neonatal resuscitation guidelines / 中国当代儿科杂志

In November 2023, the American Heart Association and the American Academy of Pediatrics jointly released key updates to the neonatal resuscitation guidelines based on new clinical evidence. This update serves as an important supplement to the "Neonatal resuscitation: 2020 American Heart Association guidelines for cardiopulmonary resuscitation and emergency cardiovascular care". The aim of this paper is to outline the key updates and provide guidance on umbilical cord management and the selection of positive pressure ventilation equipment and its additional interfaces in neonatal resuscitation.

Trends in deaths and disability-adjusted life-years of stroke attributable to low physical activity worldwide, 1990-2019.

BACKGROUND: Low physical activity (LPA) is linked to the risk of stroke, but the disease burden of stroke attributable to LPA needs to be understood to develop effective preventive strategies. We aim to assess spatiotemporal trends in the global burden of stroke attributable to LPA from 1990 to 2019. METHODS: Based on the Global Burden of Disease, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study, our research examined deaths, the Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs), the Age-Standardized Mortality Rate (ASMR), the Age-Standardized DALY Rate (ASDR), and the Estimated Annual Percentage Change (EAPC) for stroke attributable to LPA. RESULTS: Deaths and DALYs were on the rise worldwide from 1990 to 2019, with increases of 72.72% for the former and 67.41% for the latter; ASMR and ASDR decreased, with the ASMR-related EAPC of -1.61 (95% CI:-1.71--1.5) and ASDR-related EAPC of -1.35 (95% CI:-1.43--1.27); females had more numbers of deaths and DALYs, and the majorities of deaths and DALYs were shared by those aged ≥ 70. The highest burden rates were shared by North Africa, the Middle East, and Tropical Latin America; the ASMR-related EAPC was associated with the ASMR in 1990 (R = -0.26, P < 0.001) and the Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) across different countries in 2019 (R = -0.61, P < 0.001), respectively, and such patterns were similar to what ASDR and the ASDR-related EAPC had; the Human Development Index (HDI) in 2019 was associated with the ASMR-related EAPC (R = 0.63, P < 0.001) and the ASDR-related EAPC across different countries (R = -0.62, P < 0.001), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Globally, deaths and DALYs of stroke attributable to LPA were on the rise, although their age-standardized rates presented downward over the past three decades; the burden of stroke attributable to LPA showed upward trends especially in those aged ≥ 70 and females in the regions of East Asia, North Africa, and the Middle East, which need more attention to the effects of physical activity on health interventions.

Biomass-Derived Carbonaceous Materials with Graphene/Graphene-Like Structures: Definition, Classification, and Environmental Applications.

Biomass-derived carbonaceous materials with graphene/graphene-like structures (BGS) have attracted tremendous attention in the field of environmental remediation. The introduction of graphene/graphene-like structures into raw biochars can effectively improve their properties, such as electrical conductivity, surface functional groups, and catalytic activity. In 2021, the International Organization for Standardization defined graphene as a "single layer of carbon atoms with each atom bound to three neighbours in a honeycomb structure". Considering this definition, several studies have incorrectly referred to BGS (e.g., biomass-derived few-layer graphene or porous graphene-like nanosheets) as "graphene". The definitions and classifications of BGS and their applications in environmental remediation have not been assessed critically thus far. Comprehensive analysis and sufficient and robust evidence are highly desired to accurately determine the specific structures of BGS. In this perspective, we provide a systematic framework to define and classify the BGS. The state-of-the-art methods currently used to determine the structural properties of BGS are scrutinized. We then discuss the design and fabrication of BGS and how their distinctive features could improve the applicability of biomass-derived carbonaceous materials, particularly in environmental remediation. The environmental applications of these BGS are highlighted, and future research opportunities and needs are identified. The fundamental insights in this perspective provide critical guidance for the further development of BGS for a wide range of environmental applications.

Anisodamine hydrobromide in the treatment of critically ill patients with septic shock: a multicenter randomized controlled trial.

BACKGROUND: Septic shock is the development of sepsis to refractory circulatory collapse and metabolic derangements, characterized by persistent hypotension and increased lactate levels. Anisodamine hydrobromide (Ani HBr) is a Chinese medicine used to improve blood flow in circulatory disorders. The purpose of this study was to determine the therapeutic efficacy of Ani HBr in the treatment of patients with septic shock. METHODS: This was a prospective, multicenter, randomized controlled trial focusing on patients with septic shock in 16 hospitals in China. Patients were randomly assigned in a 1:1 ratio to either the treatment group or the control group. The primary endpoint was 28-day mortality. The secondary outcomes included 7-day mortality, hospital mortality, hospital length of stay, vasopressor-free days within 7 days, etc. These indicators were measured and collected at 0, 6h, 24h, 48h, 72h and 7d after the diagnosis. RESULTS: Between September 2017 and March 2021, 404 subjects were enrolled. 203 subjects received Ani HBr and 201 subjects were assigned to the control group. The treated group showed lower 28-day mortality than the control group. Stratified analysis further showed significant differences in 28-day mortality between the two groups for patients with a high level of illness severity. We also observed significant differences in 7-day mortality, hospital mortality and some other clinical indicators between the two groups. CONCLUSION: Ani HBr might be an important adjuvant to conventional treatment to reduce 28-day mortality in patients with septic shock. A large-scale prospective randomized multicenter trial is warranted to confirm our results.

Diterpenoids from Euphorbia fischeriana with Kv1.3 Inhibitory Activity.

Euphorbia diterpenoids possess inhibitory effects of Kv1.3 ion channel, but most of this research has focused on diterpenoids with jatrophane-related or ingenane-related skeletons. In the present study, nine undescribed (1-9) and 16 known (10-25) diterpenoids, based on jatrophane, lathyrane, ingenane, abietane, and atisane skeletons, were identified from the methanol extract of the aerial parts of Euphorbia fischeriana. The structures were established by analysis of the spectroscopic data as well as by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Among the isolated diterpenoids, macrocyclic jatrophanes and lathyranes exerted Kv1.3 blocking activity. Compound 8 exhibited good selectivity on the inhibition of the Kv 1.3 channel rather than hERG channel, with a selectivity index over 7.0. The selective activity of lathyrane diterpenoids indicates that macrocyclic diterpenoids have the potential to be further investigated as therapeutic agents for the treatment of autoimmune diseases.

A comparison of neurological event and mortality rates between transcatheter aortic valve implantation and surgical aortic valve replacement.

Introduction: Transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) is the treatment of choice for patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis. Aim: To evaluate the neurological event and mortality rates of TAVI in comparison with those of surgical aortic valve replacement (SAVR). Material and methods: A systematic literature search identified pertinent full-text journal articles published from 2000 to 2022 that were taken as the study materials. Results: Patients were at the age of 79.3 ±2.8 years and 79.9 ±2.9 years at the time of intervention/open surgery in the TAVI and SAVR groups, respectively. Patients' age and preoperative comorbidity rates were similar in both groups. A self-expanding valve prosthesis and a percutaneous transfemoral route were the most commonly used in patients receiving TAVI. The duration of the procedure and the hospital stay were much shorter, and the number of transfused blood units was much lower in the TAVI group than in the SAVR group. No significant intergroup difference was found in the prevalence of postoperative stroke, 1-month all-cause mortality, and 1-month and 1-year cardiovascular mortality rates. However, 1-year all-cause mortality was much lower in the TAVI than the SAVR group. The subgroups of risk stratification showed better outcomes for non-high-risk patients compared with high-risk patients. Conclusions: Irrespective of other postoperative complications of TAVI, this study emphasizes the postoperative major neurological events and mortality. TAVI appears to be superior to SAVR with regard to 1-year all-cause mortality. TAVI is thus recommended for elderly patients with symptomatic severe aortic stenosis at very high surgical risk contraindicated for SAVR.

Two new flavanones from Polytrichum commune Hedw.

Seven flavanones, including two new compounds coupled with styryl units, communins C (1) and D (2), as well as five known compounds, were isolated from Polytrichum commune Hedw. The planar structures of all compounds were determined using extensive spectroscopic analysis. The absolute configurations of two new compounds were assigned by comparing experimental ECD with calculated ECD. The cytotoxicity of all isolates against HCT-116, BGC803, MCF7 and PANC-1 cell lines was evaluated. Communin D exhibited significant cytotoxic activity on BGC803 cells with an IC50 value of 9.3 µM.

Electron Transfer Mechanism at the Interface of Multi-Heme Cytochromes and Metal Oxide.

Electroactive microbial cells have evolved unique extracellular electron transfer to conduct the reactions via redox outer-membrane (OM) proteins. However, the electron transfer mechanism at the interface of OM proteins and nanomaterial remains unclear. In this study, the mechanism for the electron transfer at biological/inorganic interface is investigated by integrating molecular modeling with electrochemical and spectroscopic measurements. For this purpose, a model system composed of OmcA, a typical OM protein, and the hexagonal tungsten trioxide (h-WO3 ) with good biocompatibility is selected. The interfacial electron transfer is dependent mainly on the special molecular configuration of OmcA and the microenvironment of the solvent exposed active center. Also, the apparent electron transfer rate can be tuned by site-directed mutagenesis at the axial ligand of the active center. Furthermore, the equilibrium state of the OmcA/h-WO3 systems suggests that their attachment is attributed to the limited number of residues. The electrochemical analysis of OmcA and its variants reveals that the wild type exhibits the fastest electron transfer rate, and the transient absorption spectroscopy further shows that the axial histidine plays an important role in the interfacial electron transfer process. This study provides a useful approach to promote the site-directed mutagenesis and nanomaterial design for bioelectrocatalytic applications.

A First Computational Frame for Recognizing Heparin-Binding Protein.

Heparin-binding protein (HBP) is a cationic antibacterial protein derived from multinuclear neutrophils and an important biomarker of infectious diseases. The correct identification of HBP is of great significance to the study of infectious diseases. This work provides the first HBP recognition framework based on machine learning to accurately identify HBP. By using four sequence descriptors, HBP and non-HBP samples were represented by discrete numbers. By inputting these features into a support vector machine (SVM) and random forest (RF) algorithm and comparing the prediction performances of these methods on training data and independent test data, it is found that the SVM-based classifier has the greatest potential to identify HBP. The model could produce an auROC of 0.981 ± 0.028 on training data using 10-fold cross-validation and an overall accuracy of 95.0% on independent test data. As the first model for HBP recognition, it will provide some help for infectious diseases and stimulate further research in related fields.

Tracheal Bronchus in Children.

Tracheal bronchus is an uncommon congenital anomaly. It is often of important significance during endotracheal intubation. In paediatrics with tracheal bronchus, stenosis of trachea and (or) bronchus and the management strategies remain to be further clarified. A comprehensive retrieval of literature since 2000 revealed 43 articles with 334 paediatric patients with tracheal bronchus. The delayed diagnosis rate is 4.1%. Paediatric patients with tracheal bronchus most often present with recurrent pneumonia and atelectasis. In less than one-third of the patients, there was an intrinsic or extrinsic stenosis of the trachea, which warrant a conservative or a surgical treatment. A surgical treatment was performed in 15.3% of the patients, in most of which the operations were for relieving the tracheal stenosis. The surgical outcomes were satisfactory. Paediatric patients with tracheal bronchus with tracheal stenosis and recurrent pneumonia and persistent atelectasis warrant active treatments, and surgical treatments are preferred. No treatment is needed in those with no tracheal stenosis or those with no or mild symptoms. Key Words: Abnormality, Congenital, Thoracic surgery, Tracheal stenosis.

Right Atrial Tumour Thrombus in Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Surgical Techniques and Prognosis.

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with right atrium (RA) tumour thrombus is a rare condition but the treatment always poses challenges. Debates remain with regard to the use of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in the surgical procedures. The aim of the present review was to summarise the surgical procedures of RA tumour thrombus removal and to discuss the pertinent indications. Twenty-three articles involving 35 patients were collected and recruited into this study. Surgical operation for HCC was performed in 29 (82.9%) patients and non-surgical operation in 6 (17.1%) patients. RA tumour thrombus removal was performed with the aid of CPB in 25 (71.4%), venovenous bypass in 3 (8.6%), and without CPB in 7 (20%) patients. After tumour thrombus removal, RA or vessel wall reconstruction with a graft was required in 7 (20%) patients. The overall median survival time of this patient cohort was 30.8 months. The median survival time of patients who received a hepatectomy was 30.5 months, in comparison to 6.0 months for those who did not receive a hepatectomy. Aggressive surgical treatment prolongs survival of selective patients with HCC with RA tumour thrombus. CPB is helpful for complete removal of the tumour thrombus from the RA. In patients with tumour thrombus invading the RA or vessel walls, a graft repair is warranted. Key Words: Hepatocellular carcinoma, Inferior vena cava, Right atrium, Tumour thrombus.

i2OM: Toward a better prediction of 2'-O-methylation in human RNA.

2'-O-methylation (2OM) is an omnipresent post-transcriptional modification in RNAs. It is important for the regulation of RNA stability, mRNA splicing and translation, as well as innate immunity. With the increase in publicly available 2OM data, several computational tools have been developed for the identification of 2OM sites in human RNA. Unfortunately, these tools suffer from the low discriminative power of redundant features, unreasonable dataset construction or overfitting. To address those issues, based on four types of 2OM (2OM-adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U)) data, we developed a two-step feature selection model to identify 2OM. For each type, the one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) combined with mutual information (MI) was proposed to rank sequence features for obtaining the optimal feature subset. Subsequently, four predictors based on eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) or support vector machine (SVM) were presented to identify the four types of 2OM sites. Finally, the proposed model could produce an overall accuracy of 84.3 % on the independent set. To provide a convenience for users, an online tool called i2OM was constructed and can be freely access at i2om.lin-group.cn. The predictor may provide a reference for the study of the 2OM.