Infant temperamental reactivity, maternal and grandparental sensitivity: Differential susceptibility for behavior problems in China.

BACKGROUND: The differential susceptibility hypothesis suggests that children's innate characteristics and their rearing experiences interact differentially during development. Recently, the study of interactions between infants' temperament and rearing experiences has become a research hotspot. In China, grandparental care is a very common phenomenon, with many infants taken care of by grandparents while mothers are out for work. AIM: To investigate whether the associations between maternal and grandmaternal sensitivity, and behavior problems were moderated by infant temperamental reactivity, while the infants were raised by both their mothers and grandmothers. SUBJECTS: A total of 71 infants (average age of 17.6months), their mothers and grandmothers were included in this study. OUTCOME MEASURES: Maternal sensitivity and grandmaternal sensitivity were assessed with the Maternal Behavior Q-sort-Chinese Version, infants' temperamental reactivity was measured with Carey's Toddler Temperament Questionnaire-Chinese Revision, and infants' behavior problems were measured with the Infant-Toddler Social and Emotional Assessment-Chinese Version. RESULTS: Maternal sensitivity significantly predicted infants' impulsivity and aggression. Infants' temperamental reactivity moderated the effect of maternal sensitivity on infants' general anxiety. In addition, infant temperamental reactivity moderated the impact of grandmaternal sensitivity on infants' separation distress. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support the differential susceptibility hypothesis to some extent. Infants with high temperamental reactivity not only suffer more from low maternal and grandmaternal sensitivity, but also benefit more from high maternal and grandmaternal sensitivity as compared to those infants with low temperamental reactivity.

Bilateral Vocal Fold Paralysis After Surgery Immediately in Adult Patient With Chiari Malformation.

The authors report the case of a 50-year-old woman with a bilateral vocal fold paralysis after foramen magnum decompression and resection of partial cerebellar tonsil for Chiari malformation. The possible mechanisms of postoperative bilateral vocal fold paralysis are discussed.

[Effect of repeated hypoxic preconditioning on renal ischemia-reperfusion-induced hepatic dysfunction in rats].

OBJECTIVE: To explore the effect of repeated hypoxic preconditioning (RHP) on renal ischemia-reperfusion-induced hepatic dysfunction in rats and the underlying mechanism. METHODS: A total of 120 normal SD rats were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=40), namely RHP surgical group, RHP sham-operated (RHPS) group, nonhypoxic surgical group (IRI group), and nonhypoxic sham-operated group (S group). The rats in the hypoxic groups were exposed to hypoxia in a hypoxic chamber for 5 days prior to establishment of renal ischemia-reperfusion model by resection of the right kidney and clamping the left renal hilum. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT), IL-17 A, TNF-a, liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) and nitric oxide (NO) were detected at 2, 8 and 24h after reperfusion, and Western blotting was used to determine the expression of p-PI3K and p-AKT;HE staining was used to observe the structural changes in the liver. RESULTS: Compared with IRI group, RHP group showed significantly milder hepatic damage, lower ALT levels and higher NO levels at 2, 8, and 24 after reperfusion (P<0.05); TNF-a levels were lowered at 24 h (P<0.05) and SOD increased at 8 h after the reperfusion (P<0.05). Compared with S group, IRI group and RHP group showed significantly higher IL-17A levels (P<0.05) but without significant difference between the latter two groups (P>0.05). The expressions of p-PI3K and P-Al