An Insulin-Modified pH-Responsive Nanopipette Based on Ion Current Rectification.

The properties of nanopipettes largely rely on the materials introduced onto their inner walls, which allow for a vast extension of their sensing capabilities. The challenge of simultaneously enhancing the sensitivity and selectivity of nanopipettes for pH sensing remains, hindering their practical applications. Herein, we report insulin-modified nanopipettes with excellent pH response performances, which were prepared by introducing insulin onto their inner walls via a two-step reaction involving silanization and amidation. The pH response intensity based on ion current rectification was significantly enhanced by approximately 4.29 times when utilizing insulin-modified nanopipettes compared with bare ones, demonstrating a linear response within the pH range of 2.50 to 7.80. In addition, insulin-modified nanopipettes featured good reversibility and selectivity. The modification processes were monitored using the I-V curves, and the relevant mechanisms were discussed. The effects of solution pH and insulin concentration on the modification results were investigated to achieve optimal insulin introduction. This study showed that the pH response behavior of nanopipettes can be greatly improved by introducing versatile molecules onto the inner walls, thereby contributing to the development and utilization of pH-responsive nanopipettes.

Artificial intelligence applications in allergic rhinitis diagnosis: Focus on ensemble learning.

Background: The diagnosis of allergic rhinitis (AR) primarily relies on symptoms and laboratory examinations. Due to limitations in outpatient settings, certain tests such as nasal provocation tests and nasal secretion smear examinations are not routinely conducted. Although there are clear diagnostic criteria, an accurate diagnosis still requires the expertise of an experienced doctor, considering the patient's medical history and conducting examinations. However, differences in physician knowledge and limitations of examination methods can result in variations in diagnosis. Objective: Artificial intelligence is a significant outcome of the rapid advancement in computer technology today. This study aims to present an intelligent diagnosis and detection method based on ensemble learning for AR. Method: We conducted a study on AR cases and 7 other diseases exhibiting similar symptoms, including rhinosinusitis, chronic rhinitis, upper respiratory tract infection, etc. Clinical data, encompassing medical history, clinical symptoms, allergen detection, and imaging, was collected. To develop an effective classifier, multiple models were employed to train on the same batch of data. By utilizing ensemble learning algorithms, we obtained the final ensemble classifier known as adaptive random forest-out of bag-easy ensemble (ARF-OOBEE). In order to perform comparative experiments, we selected 5 commonly used machine learning classification algorithms: Naive Bayes, support vector machine, logistic regression, multilayer perceptron, deep forest (GC Forest), and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost).To evaluate the prediction performance of AR samples, various parameters such as precision, sensitivity, specificity, G-mean, F1-score, and area under the curve (AUC) of the receiver operating characteristic curve were jointly employed as evaluation indicators. Results: We compared 7 classification models, including probability models, tree models, linear models, ensemble models, and neural network models. The ensemble classification algorithms, namely ARF-OOBEE and GC Forest, outperformed the other algorithms in terms of the comprehensive classification evaluation index. The accuracy of G-mean and AUC parameters improved by nearly 2% when compared to the other algorithms. Moreover, these ensemble classifiers exhibited excellent performance in handling large-scale data and unbalanced samples. Conclusion: The ARF-OOBEE ensemble learning model demonstrates strong generalization performance and comprehensive classification abilities, making it suitable for effective application in auxiliary AR diagnosis.

Achieving Colorful Ultralong-Lifetime Room-Temperature Phosphorescence Based on Benzocarbazole Derivatives through Resonance Energy Transfer.

It is of practical significance to develop polymer-based room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) materials with ultralong lifetime and multicolor afterglow. Herein, the benzocarbazole derivatives were selected and combined with a poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) matrix by a coassembly strategy. Owing to the hydrogen-bonding interactions between benzocarbazole derivatives and the PVA matrix, the nonradiative transition and the quenching of triplet excitons are effectively inhibited. Therefore, the maximum phosphorescence emission lifetime of 2202.17 ms from ABfCz-PVA and the maximum phosphorescence quantum efficiency of 34.97% from ABtCz-PVA were obtained, respectively. In addition, commercially available dye molecules were selected to construct phosphorescent resonance energy transfer (PRET) systems for energy acceptors, enabling full-color afterglow emission in blue, green, yellow, red, and even white. Based on the characteristics of prepared RTP materials, multifunctional applications to flexibility, information encryption, and erasable drawing were deeply explored.

Interventions to Improve Endoscopic Screening Adherence of Cancer in High-Risk Populations: A Scoping Review.

Background: Colorectal, and gastric cancers have the second, and fourth mortality rates worldwide, respectively. Endoscopic screening is a crucial diagnostic tool for colorectal, and gastric cancers. Effective interventions can improve adherence to endoscopic screening in high-risk populations, which is important for cancer prevention and mortality reduction. This study aimed to identify interventions that could improve adherence to endoscopic screening for cancer in high-risk populations. Methods: Combination keywords including colorectal cancer, gastric cancer, screening adherence, and interventions were used to search for articles in PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and MEDLINE Complete. The review methodology was guided by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews (PRISMA-SCR). Results: A total of 12 articles were included in this review: 9 randomized controlled trials(RCT) and 3 quasi-experimental studies(QEDs). Among the extracted studies, 11 were about colorectal cancer, and 1 was about gastric cancer. Most studies used lecture-based or Information Technology-based health education interventions. Narrative interventions have proven to be novel and effective approaches for promoting adherence to endoscopic screening. Health education interventions included cancer epidemiology, cancer risk factors, warning symptoms, and screening methods. Conclusion: All interventions involved were effective in increasing individual knowledge of cancer-related endoscopic screening, willingness to undergo screening, and screening behaviors. These findings provide a reference for designing endoscopy-related cancer screening interventions.

Factors affecting the compliance of hepatocellular carcinoma screening among high-risk populations: A systematic review and meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer worldwide and the third leading cause of cancer mortality. HCC has high morbidity, high mortality, and low survival rates. Screening is one of the most significant methods of lowering incidence and death while also increasing survival. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to identify the facilitators and barriers to participation in HCC screening among high-risk populations. METHODS: A comprehensive and systematic search was undertaken in PubMed, Web of Science, MEDLINE, EMBACE, EBSCOhost and the Cochrane Library. A combination of synonyms of the keywords including HCC, screening, factors and adherence were used for searching. Studies addressing the facilitators and barriers to HCC screening compliance in at-risk individuals were included. Data were synthesized using Review Manager version 5.4. A random/fixed effects model meta-analysis was performed to estimate the pooled data and expressed with odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI). RESULTS: A total of seven articles met the inclusion criteria. Qualitative (n = 1) and quantitative (n = 6) studies using various types of surgery were conducted. The most commonly mentioned barriers were insufficient knowledge and awareness of HCC screening, unawareness of the necessity for early detection of HCC and lack of physician recommendation. A meta-analysis of seven studies showed that individuals with a family history of HCC increased screening uptake by nearly three times (OR: 2.69, 95% CI: 1.93, 3.75). Other most frequently reported facilitators include age, education level, and perceived risk et al. CONCLUSIONS: Many barriers to HCC screening were found. Meanwhile, this review points out that improving the awareness of high-risk populations toward HCC screening is expected to enhance compliance, thereby promoting early diagnosis of liver cancer, reducing mortality, and alleviating the burden of HCC.

tert-Butyl Nitrite-Induced Radical Nitrile Oxidation Cycloaddition: Synthesis of Isoxazole/Isoxazoline-Fused Benzo 6/7/8-membered Oxacyclic Ketones.

A practical metal-free and additive-free approach for the synthesis of 6/7/8-membered oxacyclic ketone-fused isoxazoles/isoxazolines tetracyclic or tricyclic structures is reported through Csp3-H bond radical nitrile oxidation and the intramolecular cycloaddition of alkenyl/alkynyl-substituted aryl methyl ketones. This convenient approach enables the simultaneous formation of isoxazole/isoxazoline and 6/7/8-membered oxacyclic ketones to form polycyclic architectures by using tert-butyl nitrite (TBN) as a non-metallic radical initiator and N-O fragment donor.

Discovery and bioinspired total syntheses of unprecedented sesquiterpenoid dimers unveiled bifurcating [4 + 2] cycloaddition and target differentiation of enantiomers.

[4 + 2] cycloaddition has led to diverse polycyclic chiral architectures, serving as novel sources for organic synthesis and biological exploration. Here, an unprecedented class of cadinane sesquiterpene [4 + 2] dimers, henryinins A-E (1-5), with a unique 6/6/6/6/6-fused pentacyclic system, were isolated from Schisandra henryi. The divergent total syntheses of compounds 1-5 and their enantiomers (6-10) were concisely accomplished in eight linear steps using a protection-free approach. Mechanistic studies illustrated the origin of selectivity in the key [4 + 2] cycloaddition as well as the inhibition of reaction pathway bifurcation via desymmetrization. The chemical proteomics results showed that a pair of enantiomers shared common targets (PRDX5 C100 and BLMH C73) and had unique targets (USP45 C588 for 4 and COG7 C419 for 9). This work provides experimental evidence for the discovery of unprecedented cadinane dimers from selective Diels-Alder reaction and a powerful strategy to explore the biological properties of natural products.

Filter Lifespan, Treatment Effect, and Influencing Factors of Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy for Severe Burn Patients.

Continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) is often disrupted due to various factors, such as patient-related issues, vascular access complications, treatment plans, and medical staff factors. This unexpected interruption is referred to as non-selective filter stoppage and can result in additional treatment expenses. This study conducted a retrospectively analyzed 501 CRRT filters used in 62 patients with severe burns, lifespan and therapeutic effect of all filters were mainly analyzed, used logistic regression analysis was performed to identify risk factors associated with non-selective cessation filters. Out of 493 filters, 279 cases received heparin (56.60%), the median lifespan of the filter was 14.08 h (25th, 75th quantile: 7.30, 21.50); 128 cases were treated with nafamostat mesylate (26.00%), and the median lifespan of the filter was 16.42 h (10.49, 22.76); 86 cases were treated with sodium citrate (17.40%), and the median lifespan of the filter was 31.06 h (19.25, 48.75). In addition, significant differences were observed in the electrolyte index, renal function index, and procalcitonin levels before and after treatment with a single filter (P < .001). Multivariate logistic regression showed that the risk of non-selective cessation of sodium citrate anticoagulants was lower than that of heparin anticoagulation. Overall, CRRT is progressively becoming more prevalent in the treatment of patients with severe burns. The lifespan of individual filters and total patient treatment duration showed a consistent upward trend. The filter's lifespan was notably greater during sodium citrate anticoagulation when compared to nafamostat mesylate and heparin, meanwhile notably reducing the risk of non-selective cessation. Therefore, we recommend sodium citrate for anticoagulation in patients without any contraindications.

The Isoelectronic Dopant in the Z-Scheme SnS2/ß-As Heterostructure Enhancing Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting.

The catalytic field aims to decrease reaction barriers, accelerate reaction processes, and enhance the selectivity toward a target product. This study uses first-principles calculations to design a modified direct Z-scheme SnS2/ß-As heterostructure as a potential photocatalyst for overall water splitting. Our previous investigations have demonstrated that the SnS2/ß-As heterostructure can realize a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) under light, while the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) follows a pathway involving the intermediate HOOH*. Interestingly, by substituting an S atom of SnS2 with a Se or Te atom, the rate-determining step of the OER is significantly reduced from 3.76 eV to 2.56 or 2.22 eV. Moreover, the OER can occur directly without the transition via HOOH*. Isoelectronic doping effectively trades off the adsorption strength of OER intermediates and promotes the OER process. This work highlights the dual benefits of isoelectronic doping, namely lowering the reaction barrier of the rate-determining step and promoting the selectivity of end products. These findings provide insights into the rational design of high-efficiency photocatalysts for water splitting.

Direct endothelial ENaC activation mitigates vasculopathy induced by SARS-CoV2 spike protein.

Introduction: Although both COVID-19 and non-COVID-19 ARDS can be accompanied by significantly increased levels of circulating cytokines, the former significantly differs from the latter by its higher vasculopathy, characterized by increased oxidative stress and coagulopathy in lung capillaries. This points towards the existence of SARS-CoV2-specific factors and mechanisms that can sensitize the endothelium towards becoming dysfunctional. Although the virus is rarely detected within endothelial cells or in the circulation, the S1 subunit of its spike protein, which contains the receptor binding domain (RBD) for human ACE2 (hACE2), can be detected in plasma from COVID-19 patients and its levels correlate with disease severity. It remains obscure how the SARS-CoV2 RBD exerts its deleterious actions in lung endothelium and whether there are mechanisms to mitigate this. Methods: In this study, we use a combination of in vitro studies in RBD-treated human lung microvascular endothelial cells (HL-MVEC), including electrophysiology, barrier function, oxidative stress and human ACE2 (hACE2) surface protein expression measurements with in vivo studies in transgenic mice globally expressing human ACE2 and injected with RBD. Results: We show that SARS-CoV2 RBD impairs endothelial ENaC activity, reduces surface hACE2 expression and increases reactive oxygen species (ROS) and tissue factor (TF) generation in monolayers of HL-MVEC, as such promoting barrier dysfunction and coagulopathy. The TNF-derived TIP peptide (a.k.a. solnatide, AP301) -which directly activates ENaC upon binding to its a subunit- can override RBD-induced impairment of ENaC function and hACE2 expression, mitigates ROS and TF generation and restores barrier function in HL-MVEC monolayers. In correlation with the increased mortality observed in COVID-19 patients co-infected with S. pneumoniae, compared to subjects solely infected with SARS-CoV2, we observe that prior intraperitoneal RBD treatment in transgenic mice globally expressing hACE2 significantly increases fibrin deposition and capillary leak upon intratracheal instillation of S. pneumoniae and that this is mitigated by TIP peptide treatment.

Life cycle assessment and carbon reduction potential prediction of electric vehicles batteries.

Electric vehicles (EVs) battery is a crucial component of energy storage components for electric vehicles. However, the environmental impact of EVs battery is still not clear. Therefore, this paper establishes a cradle-to-cradle life cycle assessment (LCA) frame and clarifies the environmental impacts on the entire lifespan of EVs battery in China. Specifically, the environmental impact of battery production, battery use, and recycling & disposal stages are analyzed and measured. In addition, the carbon reduction potential of recycling and secondary use under a future electricity mix is estimated. Results show that: (1) The production stage of EVs battery with the carbon emission of 105 kgCO2-eq/kWh, which has the most significant impact on the environment. (2) In the recycling process, cascade utilization can reduce 1.536 kgCO2-eq/kWh carbon emission. In terms of recycling methods, hydrometallurgy can reduce the most carbon emission (13.3 kgCO2-eq/kWh), followed by the combined hydro-pyrometallurgical process (8.11 kgCO2-eq/kWh) and pyrometallurgy (0.57 kgCO2-eq/kWh). (3) Under the estimated electricity mix in 2030, 2040, and 2050, the carbon emission in battery production can be approximately reduced by 31.9 %, 45 %, and 48.1 %, respectively.

Exposure to cooking fumes is associated with perturbations in nasal microbiota composition: A pilot study.

Air pollution is one of the leading causes of overall mortality globally. Cooking emissions are a major source of fine particulate matter (PM2.5). However, studies on their potential perturbations on the nasal microbiota as well as their association with respiratory health are lacking. This pilot study aims to assess the environmental air quality among occupational cooks and its associations with nasal microbiota and respiratory symptoms. A total of 20 cooks (exposed) and 20 unexposed controls (mainly office workers), were recruited in Singapore from 2019 to 2021. Information on sociodemographic factors, cooking methods, and self-reported respiratory symptoms were collected using a questionnaire. Personal PM2.5 concentrations and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured using portable sensors and filter samplers. DNA was extracted from nasal swabs and sequenced using 16s sequencing. Alpha-diversity and beta-diversity were calculated, and between-group variation analysis of species was performed. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for associations between exposure groups and self-reported respiratory symptoms. Higher daily mean PM2.5 (P = 2 × 10-7) and environmental ROS exposure (P = 3.25 × 10-7) were observed in the exposed group. Alpha diversity of the nasal microbiota between the two groups was not significantly different. However, beta diversity was significantly different (unweighted UniFrac P = 1.11 × 10-5, weighted UniFrac P = 5.42 × 10-6) between the two exposure groups. In addition, certain taxa of bacteria were slightly more abundant in the exposed group compared to unexposed controls. There were no significant associations between the exposure groups and self-reported respiratory symptoms. In summary, the exposed group had higher PM2.5 and ROS exposure levels and altered nasal microbiotas as compared to unexposed controls, though further studies are required to replicate these findings in a larger population.

Reductive Catalytic Difluorocarbene Transfer via Palladium Catalysis.

A palladium-catalyzed reductive difluorocarbene transfer reaction that tames difluorocarbene to couple with two electrophiles has been developed, representing a new mode of difluorocarbene transfer reaction. The approach uses low-cost and bulk industrial chemical chlorodifluoromethane (ClCF2 H) as the difluorocarbene precursor. It produces a variety of difluoromethylated (hetero)arenes from widely available aryl halides/triflates and proton sources, featuring high functional group tolerance and synthetic convenience without preparing organometallic reagents. Experimental mechanistic studies reveal that an unexpected Pd0/II catalytic cycle is involved in this reductive reaction, wherein the oxidative addition of palladium(0) difluorocarbene ([Pd0 (Ln )]=CF2 ) with aryl electrophile to generate the key intermediate aryldifluoromethylpalladium [ArCF2 Pd(Ln )X], followed by reaction with hydroquinone, is responsible for the reductive difluorocarbene transfer.

Knowledge and belief of fecal occult blood screening: A systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Colorectal cancer (CRC) is associated with a high incidence and mortality rate. Fecal occult blood test (FOBT) is effective in the prevention of CRC. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to assess knowledge and beliefs regarding FOBT-based screening. METHODS: This study used PubMed, Cochrane Library, MEDLINE Complete, and Web of Science to search for articles. Original full-text studies in English language focusing on knowledge and beliefs of FOBT screening were included. RESULTS: A total of 32 articles were included. This study indicated that the population in most studies had inadequate knowledge and lacked beliefs toward FOBT-based screening. Most of the extracted studies showed that less than half of the participants had heard of FOBT-based screening. Six studies showed that less than 50% of participants had knowledge of FOBT age. Three studies found that less than 40% of participants were aware of the screening interval. Some participants perceived the benefits of FOBT-based screening, while others perceived many barriers to the test. CONCLUSION: Participants' knowledge and belief in FOBT-based screening were insufficient. This review highlights the importance of educational programs to increase knowledge and beliefs regarding FOBT-based screening. It is important to include FOBT-based screening in the health care system to promote the secondary prevention of CRC.

Sustainability assessment on paddy-upland crop rotations by carbon, nitrogen and water footprint integrated analysis: A field scale investigation.

Nutrients of carbon, nitrogen and water of farmland ecosystem are essential foundation to guarantee crop production, but also environmental flows associated greenhouse gas (GHG), reactive nitrogen (Nr) releases, and water consumption. Their flow characteristics serve as a crucial starting point for creating efficient management practices and mitigation measures. Therefore, the objectives of this study are to quantify the carbon footprint (CF), nitrogen footprint (NF), water footprint (WF), and comprehensive environmental footprint (ComF) of six paddy-upland rotation systems, including fallow-paddy rice (FA-PR), Chinese milk vetch-paddy rice (CMV-PR), wheat-paddy rice (WH-PR), rapeseed-paddy rice (RA-PR), green forage wheat-paddy rice (WF-PR), and vicia faba bean-paddy rice (FB-PR), as well as to analysis their relationships and define driving factors. Results showed that the lowest area-scaled CF of 3.74 t CO2-eq ha-1 were observed in the CMV-PR rotation, which were 41% lower than that for WH-PR (the highest CF, 9.13 t CO2-eq ha-1) when soil carbon change was taken into account. It is of importance that soil carbon sequestration in CMV-PR rotation could offset up to around 57% of its CF, while the WH-PR rotation only offset 25%. The RA-PR rotation had the highest area-scaled NF and WF, which was 1.8 and 1.9 times greater than those of the lowest rotation in FA-PR. In terms of comprehensive environmental effects, the six rotation systems showed the order of FA-PR < CMV-PR < FB-PR < RA-PR < WF-PR < WH-PR, with NH3 volatilization accounting 60.7%-66.7% and blue-green WF for 17.5%-26.6% of the total. Therefore, priority should be given to optimizing N fertilizer application and water consumption for paddy-upland rotation systems. The study also suggested that appropriate inter-annual adjustment of rotation system could contribute to achieving GHG mitigations and Nr losses.

[Analysis and evaluation on Paeoniae Radix Alba from different cultivars by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS and HPLC].

In this study, an established ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry(UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) method was combined with multivariate statistical analysis to investigate the commonality and difference of main chemical components in the medicinal parts of Paeonia lactiflora from different cultivars; in addition, a high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) method was established to simultaneously determine the content of eight active components in Paeoniae Radix Alba. Non-targeted analysis was carried out by UPLC-Q-TOF-MS on a Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C_(18)(2.1 mm×100 mm, 1.7 µm) column with a gradient elution of 0.1% aqueous formic acid(A)-acetonitrile(B) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 0.2 mL·min~(-1). The column temperature was 30 ℃, and an electrospray ionization source was used to acquire mass spectrometry data in positive and negative ion modes. According to the accurate molecular weight and fragment ion information provided by multi-stage mass spectrometry and by comparison with reference substances and literature reports, thirty-six identical components were identified in Paeoniae Radix Alba from different cultivars with positive and negative ion modes. In the negative ion mode, two groups of samples were well separated; specifically, seventeen components with significant differences in content were screened and identified, and one component unique in "Bobaishao" was obtained. Quantitative analysis was conducted by high-performance liquid chromatography(HPLC) on an Agilent HC-C_(18)(4.6 mm×250 mm, 5 µm) column with a gradient elution of 0.1% aqueous phosphoric acid(A)-acetonitrile(B) as the mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL·min~(-1). The column temperature was 30 ℃ and the detection wavelength was at 230 nm. An HPLC method was developed for the simultaneous determination of eight active components(gallic acid, oxypaeoniflorin, catechin, albiflorin, paeoniflorin, galloylpaeoniflorin, 1,2,3,4,6-O-pentagalloylglucose, benzoyl-paeoniflorin) in Paeoniae Radix Albaa from different cultivars. Satisfactory linearity was achieved within the investigated linear ranges and with fine coefficients(r>0.999 0), and the methodological investigation showed that the method had good precision, repeatability and stability. The mean recoveries were 90.61% to 101.7% with RSD of 0.12% to 3.6%(n=6). UPLC-Q-OF-MS provided a rapid and efficient qualitative analytical method for the identification of the chemical components in Paeoniae Radix Alba, and the developed HPLC method was simple, rapid and accurate, which could provide a scientific basis for the evaluation of the germplasm resources and herbal quality of Paeoniae Radix Alba from different cultivars.

Dephosphorylation of T517 on Hemocyanin Is Required for Antibacterial Activity in Penaeus vannamei.

Posttranslational modifications expand the functions of immune-related proteins, especially during infections. The respiratory glycoprotein, hemocyanin, has been implicated in many other functions, but the role of phosphorylation modification in its functional diversity is not fully understood. In this study, we show that Penaeus vannamei hemocyanin (PvHMC) undergoes phosphorylation modification during bacterial infection. Dephosphorylation of PvHMC mediated by P. vannamei protein phosphatase 2A catalytic increases its in vitro antibacterial activity, whereas phosphorylation by P. vannamei casein kinase 2 catalytic subunit α decreases its oxygen-carrying capacity and attenuates its in vitro antibacterial activity. Mechanistically, we show that Thr517 is a critical phosphorylation modification site on PvHMC to modulate its functions, which when mutated attenuates the action of P. vannamei casein kinase 2 catalytic subunit α and P. vannamei protein phosphatase 2A catalytic, and hence abolishes the antibacterial activity of PvHMC. Our results reveal that phosphorylation of PvHMC modulates its antimicrobial functions in penaeid shrimp.

Emerging roles of astrocytes in blood-brain barrier disruption upon amyloid-beta insults in Alzheimer's disease.

Blood-brain barrier disruption occurs in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease. Recent studies indicate a link between blood-brain barrier dysfunction and cognitive decline and might accelerate Alzheimer's disease progression. Astrocytes are the most abundant glial cells in the central nervous system with important roles in the structural and functional maintenance of the blood-brain barrier. For example, astrocytic coverage around endothelial cells with perivascular endfeet and secretion of homeostatic soluble factors are two major underlying mechanisms of astrocytic physiological functions. Astrocyte activation is often observed in Alzheimer's disease patients, with astrocytes expressing a high level of glial fibrillary acid protein detected around amyloid-beta plaque with the elevated phagocytic ability for amyloid-beta. Structural alterations in Alzheimer's disease astrocytes including swollen endfeet, somata shrinkage and possess loss contribute to disruption in vascular integrity at capillary and arterioles levels. In addition, Alzheimer's disease astrocytes are skewed into proinflammatory and oxidative profiles with increased secretions of vasoactive mediators inducing endothelial junction disruption and immune cell infiltration. In this review, we summarize the findings of existing literature on the relevance of astrocyte alteration in response to amyloid pathology in the context of blood-brain barrier dysfunction. First, we briefly describe the physiological roles of astrocytes in blood-brain barrier maintenance. Then, we review the clinical evidence of astrocyte pathology in Alzheimer's disease patients and the preclinical evidence in animal and cellular models. We further discuss the structural changes of blood-brain barrier that correlates with Alzheimer's disease astrocyte. Finally, we evaluate the roles of soluble factors secreted by Alzheimer's disease astrocytes, providing potential molecular mechanisms underlying blood-brain barrier modulation. We conclude with a perspective on investigating the therapeutic potential of targeting astrocytes for blood-brain barrier protection in Alzheimer's disease.

Air pollution, human capital, and urban innovation in China.

Air pollution and urban innovation are two important issues that have accompanied China's economic growth in the past decade. Based on the quasi-natural experiment of central heating in northern China in winter, this paper uses regression discontinuity design (RDD) to isolate the causal relationship between air pollution and urban innovation in China by matching urban data with multiple micro databases. Further, the possible influencing mechanism is discussed from the perspective of human capital. The results show that-air pollution significantly inhibits urban innovation-specifically, a 1% increase in air pollution significantly reduces urban innovation by 1.463%; compared with non-invention patents, air pollution has a more obvious inhibitory effect on invention patents with higher innovation capacity requirements and technology content. In terms of the impact mechanism, air pollution may undermine urban innovation by impairing healthy human capital and increasing the emigration of high-level human capital from cities.