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The programmed cell death 4 (PDCD4) tumor-suppressor gene regulates cell apoptosis, protein translation, signal transduction, and induction of mediators of inflammation. However, the mechanism by which PDCD4 is down-regulated and regulates tumor growth remains elusive. In this study, we showed that PDCD4 is down-regulated in glioma cells and acts as a tumor suppressor. Based on the TCGA data, we confirmed that AKT2, but not AKT1 or AKT3, interacts with PDCD4, thus leading to the suppression of PDCD4 in glioma cells. Moreover, the analysis suggested that PDCD4 regulates the expression of IL-5, CCL-5, VEGF, and CXCL10 via the NF-kB pathway. Additionally, depletion of levels of PDCD4 promoted angiogenic activity of glioma cells via the VEGF-STAT3 pathway. When tumor cells over-expressing PDCD4 were injected into nude mice, the increased expression of PDCD4 blocked tumorigenesis and prolonged overall survival. Our study indicates the need to develop drugs that can modulate the expression of PDCD4 and test their efficacy in clinical trials.
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Objective To explore the value and disadvantage of micro-mirror in the intracranial aneurysm surgery.Methods Micro-mirror was used to assist microsurgical clipping to 36 intracranial aneurysms in 31 cases,of which 3 were carotid-ophthalmic artery aneurysms,3 anterior choroidal artery aneurysm,11 were posterior communicating artery aneurysms,7 were middle cerebral artery aneurysms,10 anterior communicating artery or anterior cerebral artery aneurysms,and the others were a posterior cerebral artery aneurysm and a posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm.The micro-mirror was used before and after clipping to observe the anatomic features of necks hidden behind and medial to aneurysms,to visualize surrounding neurovascular structures,and to verify the optimal clipping position.Intraoperative indocyanine green fluorescein angiography confirmed the success of sufficient clipping.Results All aneurysms were clipped successfully.The parent arteries were occluded temporarily in 26 cases,and 9 aneurysms ruptured during the operation.Postoperative follow-up lasted from 2 weeks to 1 year.After operations digital subtraction angiography (DSA) were repeated in 10 cases,computed tomography angiography(CTA) in 21 cases,and no insufficient clipping or occlusion of parent arteries were revealed.Conclusions Micro-mirror assisting microsurgical clipping to the intracranial aneurysm is conducive to accurate clipping,and is a convenient and practical operation.
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Objective@#To explore the value and disadvantage of micro-mirror in the intracranial aneurysm surgery.@*Methods@#Micro-mirror was used to assist microsurgical clipping to 36 intracranial aneurysms in 31 cases, of which 3 were carotid-ophthalmic artery aneurysms, 3 anterior choroidal artery aneurysm, 11 were posterior communicating artery aneurysms, 7 were middle cerebral artery aneurysms, 10 anterior communicating artery or anterior cerebral artery aneurysms, and the others were a posterior cerebral artery aneurysm and a posterior inferior cerebellar artery aneurysm. The micro-mirror was used before and after clipping to observe the anatomic features of necks hidden behind and medial to aneurysms, to visualize surrounding neurovascular structures, and to verify the optimal clipping position. Intraoperative indocyanine green fluorescein angiography confirmed the success of sufficient clipping.@*Results@#All aneurysms were clipped successfully. The parent arteries were occluded temporarily in 26 cases, and 9 aneurysms ruptured during the operation. Postoperative follow-up lasted from 2 weeks to 1 year. After operations digital subtraction angiography (DSA) were repeated in 10 cases, computed tomography angiography(CTA) in 21 cases, and no insufficient clipping or occlusion of parent arteries were revealed.@*Conclusions@#Micro-mirror assisting microsurgical clipping to the intracranial aneurysm is conducive to accurate clipping, and is a convenient and practical operation.
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The development of society raises demands for high-level talents,which requires high level post graduate education.The model of post graduate education is changing from research centered to professional skill centered.The research centered program has a long history and has gained consensus,while the professional skill program is still new.To address the social and economic needs,we explored the professional skill centered post graduate program and report our experience here.
