RESUMO
Tuberculosis (TB) is currently the deadliest infectious disease worldwide. Failure to create a highly effective vaccine has limited the control of the TB epidemic. Historically, the vaccine field has relied on the paradigm that IFN-γ-mediated CD4+ T cell memory responses are the principal correlate of protection in TB. Nonetheless, the demonstration that other cellular subsets offer protective memory responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is emerging. Among these are memory-like features of macrophages, myeloid cell precursors, natural killer (NK) cells, and innate lymphoid cells (ILCs). Additionally, the dynamics of B cell memory responses have been recently characterized at different stages of the clinical spectrum of Mtb infection, suggesting a role for B cells in human TB. A better understanding of the immune mechanisms underlying such responses is crucial to better comprehend protective immunity in TB. Furthermore, targeting immune compartments other than CD4+ T cells in TB vaccine strategies may benefit a significant proportion of patients co-infected with Mtb and the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Here, we summarize the memory responses of innate immune cells and B cells against Mtb and propose them as novel correlates of protection that could be harnessed in future vaccine development programs.
Assuntos
Linfócitos B/imunologia , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , HIV-1/fisiologia , Células Matadoras Naturais/imunologia , Mycobacterium tuberculosis/fisiologia , Vacinas contra a Tuberculose/imunologia , Tuberculose/imunologia , Animais , Coinfecção , Resistência à Doença , Humanos , Imunidade Inata , Memória ImunológicaRESUMO
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 173 Mexicans from the state of Chiapas living in the city of Tuxtla Gutiérrez (Nâ¯=â¯52) and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯121), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We found that the most frequent haplotypes in Chiapas include 12 Native American and one European haplotype. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in Chiapas are Native American (71.61⯱â¯0.58% by ML; 53.16% of Native American haplotypes) and European (26.39⯱â¯5.05% by ML; 25.86% of European haplotypes), and a less prominent African genetic component (2.00⯱â¯5.20% by ML; 9.77% of African haplotypes).
Assuntos
Etnicidade/genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Cidades , Frequência do Gene , Geografia , Haplótipos , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , México , População RuralRESUMO
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 148 Mexicans from the state of Tamaulipas living in Ciudad Victoria (Nâ¯=â¯23) and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯125), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We found that the most frequent haplotypes in the state of Tamaulipas include ten Native American, three European and one African haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in the state of Tamaulipas are Native American (54.69⯱â¯0.93% by ML; 47.65% of Native American haplotypes) and European (34.66⯱â¯5.62% by ML; 33.56% of European haplotypes), and a relatively high African genetic component (10.65⯱â¯5.05% by ML; 12.42% of African haplotypes).
Assuntos
Etnicidade/genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Frequência do Gene , Geografia , Haplótipos , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , México , População RuralRESUMO
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 122 Mexicans from the state of Hidalgo living in the city of Pachuca (Nâ¯=â¯41) and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯81), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We find that the most frequent haplotypes in Hidalgo include eight Native American and one European haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in Hidalgo are Native American (58.93⯱â¯2.16% by ML; 54.51% of Native American haplotypes) and European (32.49⯱â¯2.88% by ML; 28.69% of European haplotypes), and a relatively high African genetic component (8.58⯱â¯0.93% by ML; 6.97% of African haplotypes).
Assuntos
Etnicidade/genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Geografia , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , México , População RuralRESUMO
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 1113 Mexicans from the state of Veracruz living in the cities of Coatzacoalcos (Nâ¯=â¯55), Orizaba (Nâ¯=â¯60), Córdoba (Nâ¯=â¯56), Poza Rica (Nâ¯=â¯45), Veracruz (Nâ¯=â¯171), Xalapa (Nâ¯=â¯187) and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯539) to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We found that the most frequent haplotypes include 12 Native American haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components are Native American (64.93⯱â¯1.27% by ML; 55.10% of Native American haplotypes) and European (26.56⯱â¯0.89% by ML; 28.38% of European haplotypes), and a relatively high African genetic component (8.52⯱â¯1.82% by ML; 8.78% of African haplotypes).
Assuntos
Etnicidade/genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Geografia , Haplótipos , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , México , População RuralRESUMO
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 81 Mexicans from the state of Campeche living in the city of Campeche (Nâ¯=â¯34) and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯47), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We find that the most frequent haplotypes in the state of Campeche include ten Native American, three European, one African and one Asian haplotype. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in the state of Campeche are Native American (65.56⯱â¯0.96% by ML; 51.24% of Native American haplotypes), European (34.44⯱â¯10.94% by ML; 30.25% of European haplotypes), and a virtually absent African genetic component (0.00⯱â¯10.31% by ML; 9.26% of African haplotypes).
Assuntos
Etnicidade/genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Cidades , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Geografia , Haplótipos , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , México , População RuralRESUMO
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 636 Mexicans from the state of Oaxaca living in the city of Oaxaca (Nâ¯=â¯151) and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯485), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We found that the 13 most frequent haplotypes in Oaxaca are all of putative Native American origin. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in the state of Oaxaca are Native American (73.12⯱â¯2.77% by ML; 61.52% of Native American haplotypes) and European (17.36⯱â¯2.07% by ML; 20.69% of European haplotypes), and a relatively high African genetic component (9.52⯱â¯0.88% by ML; 8.94% of African haplotypes).
Assuntos
Etnicidade/genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Cidades , Frequência do Gene , Geografia , Haplótipos , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , México , População RuralRESUMO
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 2827 Mexicans from the state of Puebla living in the city of Puebla (Nâ¯=â¯1994) and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯833), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We found that the 16 most frequent haplotypes in Puebla are all of them Native American. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in the state of Puebla are Native American (72.21⯱â¯1.25% by ML; 63.30% of Native American haplotypes) and European (21.05⯱â¯1.92% by ML; 23.86% of European haplotypes), and a less prominent African genetic component (6.74⯱â¯2.20% by ML; 6.20% of African haplotypes).
Assuntos
Etnicidade/genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Cidades , Frequência do Gene , Geografia , Haplótipos , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , México , População RuralRESUMO
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 324 Mexicans from the state of Yucatán living in the city of Mérida (Nâ¯=â¯192) and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯132), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We found that the most frequent haplotypes in the state of Yucatán include 16 Native American and one European haplotype. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in Yucatán are Native American (81.54⯱â¯4.99% by ML; 62.92% of Native American haplotypes) and European (11.50⯱â¯15.43% by ML; 23.26% of European haplotypes), and a less prominent African genetic component (6.96⯱â¯10.47% by ML; 5.93% of African haplotypes).
Assuntos
Etnicidade/genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Cidades , Frequência do Gene , Geografia , Haplótipos , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , México , População RuralRESUMO
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 112 Mexicans from the state of Morelos living in the city of Cuernavaca (Nâ¯=â¯82) and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯30), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. The most frequent haplotypes in Morelos include seven Native American, one European, one African and one Asian haplotype. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in Morelos are Native American (60.43⯱â¯2.22% by ML; 53.57% of Native American haplotypes) and European (39.58⯱â¯3.70% by ML; 27.68% of European haplotypes), and a virtually absent African genetic component (0.00⯱â¯4.93% by ML; but 11.16% of African haplotypes).
Assuntos
Etnicidade/genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Geografia , Haplótipos , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , México , População RuralRESUMO
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 98 Mexicans from the state of Quintana Roo living in the city of Cancún (Nâ¯=â¯48) and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯50), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies and their linkage disequilibrium. We found that the most frequent haplotypes in Quintana Roo include ten Native American and two European haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in Quintana Roo are Native American (80.85⯱â¯3.70% by ML; 60.20% of Native American haplotypes) and European (15.19⯱â¯14.25% by ML; 26.02% of European haplotypes), and a less prominent African genetic component (3.96⯱â¯10.75% by ML; 6.63% of African haplotypes).
Assuntos
Etnicidade/genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Cidades , Frequência do Gene , Geografia , Haplótipos , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , México , População RuralRESUMO
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 1011 Mexicans from the state of Tlaxcala residing in the city of Tlaxcala (Nâ¯=â¯181) and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯830), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We find that the ten most frequent haplotypes in Tlaxcala are all of Native American origin. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components are Native American (75.13⯱â¯1.56% by ML; 69.24% based on of Native American haplotypes) and European (16.10⯱â¯4.98% by ML; 19.74% of European haplotypes), with a less prominent African genetic component (8.78⯱â¯4.09% by ML; 4.35% of African haplotypes).
Assuntos
Etnicidade/genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Cidades , Frequência do Gene , Geografia , Haplótipos , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , México , População RuralRESUMO
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 224 Mexicans from the state of Tabasco living in the city of Villahermosa (Nâ¯=â¯82) and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯142), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We found that the most frequent haplotypes in Tabasco include 13 Native American and two European haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in Tabasco are Native American (67.79⯱â¯1.59% by ML; 56.25% of Native American haplotypes) and European (27.21⯱â¯3.97% by ML; 29.91% of European haplotypes), and a less prominent African genetic component (5.01⯱â¯4.42% by ML; 8.93% of African haplotypes).
Assuntos
Etnicidade/genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Cidades , Frequência do Gene , Geografia , Haplótipos , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , México , População RuralRESUMO
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 117 Mexicans from the state of San Luis Potosí living in the city of San Luis Potosí (Nâ¯=â¯30) and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯87), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We find that the most frequent haplotypes in the state include 13 Native American, six European, two African and two Asian haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components are Native American (52.72⯱â¯0.66% by ML; 48.29% of Native American haplotypes) and European (34.62⯱â¯4.28% by ML; 32.48% of European haplotypes), and a relatively high African genetic component (12.66⯱â¯4.61% by ML; 10.26% of African haplotypes).
Assuntos
Etnicidade/genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Frequência do Gene , Geografia , Haplótipos , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , México , População RuralRESUMO
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 684 Mexicans from the state of Coahuila living in Saltillo (Nâ¯=â¯72), Torreón (Nâ¯=â¯396) and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯216), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We find that the ten most frequent haplotypes found in the state of Coahuila include eight Native American and two European haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in the state of Coahuila are European (49.72⯱â¯4.18% by ML; 37.49% of European haplotypes) and Native American (45.01⯱â¯2.69% by ML; 42.98% of Native American haplotypes), while African genetic component is less apparent (5.27⯱â¯1.88% by ML; 9.92% of African haplotypes).
Assuntos
Alelos , Etnicidade/genética , Variação Genética , Antígenos HLA/genética , Frequência do Gene , Genética Populacional , Haplótipos , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , México , População RuralRESUMO
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 88 Mexicans from the state of Querétaro living in the city of Querétaro (Nâ¯=â¯45) and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯43), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We find that the most frequent haplotypes in the state of Querétaro include seven Native American, two European and one Asian haplotype. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in the state of Querétaro are Native American (51.82⯱â¯4.42% by ML; 42.61% of Native American haplotypes) and European (48.18⯱â¯3.55% by ML; 46.02% of European haplotypes), with a virtually absent African genetic component (0.00⯱â¯4.25% by ML; 4.55% of African haplotypes).
Assuntos
Etnicidade/genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Frequência do Gene , Genótipo , Geografia , Haplótipos , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , México , População RuralRESUMO
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 1217 Mexicans from the Mexico City Metropolitan Area living in the northern (Nâ¯=â¯751), southern (Nâ¯=â¯52), eastern (Nâ¯=â¯79), western (Nâ¯=â¯33), and central (Nâ¯=â¯152) Mexico City, and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯150), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We found that the most frequent haplotypes include 11 Native American haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components are Native American (63.85⯱â¯1.55% by ML; 57.19% of Native American haplotypes) and European (28.53⯱â¯3.13% by ML; 28.40% of European haplotypes), and a less apparent African genetic component (7.61⯱â¯1.96% by ML; 7.17% of African haplotypes).
Assuntos
Etnicidade/genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Cidades , Frequência do Gene , Geografia , Haplótipos , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , México , População RuralRESUMO
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 665 Mexicans from the state of Nuevo León living in the city of Monterrey (Nâ¯=â¯226) and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯439), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We find that the most frequent haplotypes in the state of Nuevo León include 12 Native American and three European haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in the state of Nuevo León are Native American (54.53⯱â¯0.87% by ML; 48.88% of Native American haplotypes) and European (38.67⯱â¯4.06% by ML; 32.59% of European haplotypes), and a less prominent African genetic component (6.80⯱â¯4.30% by ML; 8.26% of African haplotypes).
Assuntos
Etnicidade/genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Frequência do Gene , Geografia , Haplótipos , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , México , População RuralRESUMO
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 161 Mexicans from the state of Nayarit living in Tepic (Nâ¯=â¯97) and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯64), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We find that the ten most frequent haplotypes found in the state of Nayarit include eight Native American and two European haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in the state of Nayarit are Native American (50.79⯱â¯5.03% by ML; 42.24% of Native American haplotypes) and European (37.04⯱â¯6.21% by ML; 35.72% of European haplotypes), while African genetic component is less apparent but relatively high (12.17⯱â¯2.50% by ML; 13.36% of African haplotypes).
Assuntos
Etnicidade/genética , Variação Genética , Genética Populacional , Antígenos HLA/genética , Alelos , Frequência do Gene , Geografia , Haplótipos , Humanos , Desequilíbrio de Ligação , México , População RuralRESUMO
We studied HLA class I (HLA-A, -B) and class II (HLA-DRB1, -DQB1) alleles by PCR-SSP based typing in 479 Mexicans from the state of Durango living in Durango city (Nâ¯=â¯153) and rural communities (Nâ¯=â¯326), to obtain information regarding allelic and haplotypic frequencies. We find that the ten most frequent haplotypes found in the state of Durango include eight Native American and two European haplotypes. Admixture estimates revealed that the main genetic components in Durango are European (54.34⯱â¯1.68%) and Native American (45.66⯱â¯2.24%), while African genetic component was virtually absent (0.00⯱â¯2.03%). However, African haplotypes could be estimated at a proportion of 9.13%.