Preoperative versus intraoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy for management of common bile duct stones.

BACKGROUND: ERCP remains the prevailing method of treating CBDS; however, its ideal timing in respect to laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) is not defined. LC combined with intraoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy (IOES) was compared with preoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy (PES) followed by LC for management of preoperatively known cholecystocholedocholithiasis. METHODS: Between June 2006 and September 2009, 198 patients diagnosed preoperatively by clinical assessment, liver chemistry, ultrasonography, and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) to have combined choledochocystolithiasis were eligible. They were randomly divided into two groups: PES/LC group (n = 100) and LC/IOES group (n = 98). The surgical times, surgical success rates, number of stone extractions, postoperative complications, retained common bile duct stones, and postoperative lengths of stay were compared prospectively. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in surgical time, surgical success rate, CBD diameter, stone size, or stone number between the two groups. The success rate was 95.3% and 97.8% for PES/LC and LC/IOES, respectively. There were no significant difference in postoperative retained stones, surgical time, and complications, but the total hospital stay was significantly shorter in the LC/IOES group. CONCLUSIONS: PES/LC and LC/IOES are both good options for dealing with preoperatively diagnosed CBDS, but when there is enough experience and facilities, LC/IOES, as a single-stage treatment, would be preferable.

Laparoscopic exploration versus intraoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy for common bile duct stones: a prospective randomized trial.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) combined with intraoperative endoscopic sphincterotomy (IOES) was compared to LC with laparoscopic common bile duct exploration (LCBDE) to define the best single-session minimally invasive treatment for cholecystocholedocholithiasis. METHODS: Between June 2009 and December 2010, patients with gallstones and common bile duct (CBD) stones diagnosed by preoperative ultrasonography and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography were randomized to LC-LCBDE or LC-IOES. The primary end point was complete clearance of CBD of stones. The secondary end points were operation time, conversion rate, length of hospital stay, complications and mortality. RESULTS: Two hundred and twenty-six patients were eligible. They were randomized to LC-LCBDE (n = 115) and LC-IOES (n = 111). There was no statistically significant difference in the success rate of CBD clearance between the two interventions (92% for LC-LCBDE vs. 97.2% for LC-IOES with a p value >0.05). There were no differences between the two groups in terms of surgical time and postoperative length of stay. Pancreatitis and bleeding sphincterotomy were significantly more prevalent in the LC-IOES group, while bile leakage and retained CBD stones were significantly more prevalent in the LC-LCBDE group. CONCLUSION: Both LC-IOES and LC-LCBDE were shown to be safe, effective, minimally invasive treatments for cholecystocholedocholithiasis, but the former option may be preferred when facilities and experience in endoscopic therapy exist.

Methodological problems encountered in research with psychiatric inpatients: a case example.

In this article, problems associated with several methods commonly employed in research with psychiatric inpatients are discussed and the implications that these problems have for the validity of research with this population are explored, using an investigation of the relationship between moral reasoning and aggression among psychiatric inpatients as a case example. Specific issues examined include the adequacy of hospital records for diagnosing patients, the difficulty of determining when it is appropriate to approach recently admitted patients for research, and problems in the measurement of behavioral and psychological variables such as aggression and moral reasoning. Suggestions and recommendations for addressing these issues in future research are offered.