Laryngeal Embryonal Rhabdomyosarcoma: A rare adult neoplasm.

The embryonal subtype of rhabdomyosarcoma is the most frequent, commonly seen in children. However, it is uncommon to discover this subtype in adults, especially in the larynx. We presented a rare case of a 63 years old man who presented with worsening hoarseness, dysphagia for solids, and dyspnea and was later diagnosed with embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma of the larynx.

"Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the maxillary sinus: A case report".

Inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (IMTs) are one of the most complex and rare neoplasms that have been discovered, with varying behavior in different cases. They mostly arise in the thoracic and abdominal cavity, the lungs, retroperitoneum, and extremities. They can also be detected in the head and neck area. IMTs have no age or gender preference which makes them tougher to anticipate. Head and neck IMTs are benign neoplasms with locally aggressive behavior and a low risk of metastatic spread. They have an unknown etiology, and they resemble malignant lesions radiologically. In this case report, we will review the case of a 40-year-old woman with an unusual IMT in the maxillary sinus that presented as a challenge in diagnosis and management.

Sexually assaulted older women attending a U.K. sexual assault referral centre for a forensic medical examination.

There is a paucity of literature on sexual violence against older adults, particularly in the U.K. This work aims to identify and describe the characteristics of alleged sexual assault and subsequent forensic medical examination (FME) for older clients presenting to a large sexual assault referral centre (SARC) in Manchester over a ten-year period. A retrospective analysis of forensic case notes was conducted for all clients (n = 39) who had attended for an FME between 2007 and 2017, and who were aged 70 or over at the time of the alleged assault. The average age of clients was 83 years, all were white, and 95% were female. Two populations were identified: a less frail population who had been assaulted at home by an alleged stranger with greater physical violence alleged, and a frailer population, with a greater incidence of dementia (77%), who were alleged to have been assaulted by a care-giver or fellow resident in a place of care. We note the need for flexibility in the site of FME, the underrepresentation of minority populations in SARC attendees, and difficulties with description of events by clients. We identify several patterns of non-age related anogenital and body examination findings, and offer recommendations for sexual assault services on how they may better cater to older populations.

The situation for female survivors of non-partner sexual violence: A focused enquiry of Somali young women's views, knowledge and opinions.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study is to elucidate young women's perceptions of the situation for female survivors of non-partner sexual violence in Somaliland. METHODS: Young Somali women with diverse backgrounds (n = 25) shared views, knowledge and opinions about non partner sexual violence in focus group discussions held in urban settings. Data was analysed using content analysis. RESULTS: A main category "Bound by culture and community perceptions" with four subcategories comprises the informants' perceptions of non-partner sexual violence among young women in Somaliland. Illuminated is the importance of protecting oneself and the family dignity, a fear of being rejected and mistrusted, how the juridical system exists in the shadow of tradition and potential keys to healthcare support. CONCLUSION: The study raises awareness of the dilemmas which may be faced by young women subjected to non-partner sexual violence and healthcare providers in the intersection between state and traditional norms. Education is a key when it comes to a young woman considering the use of the services available in a society where traditional problem-solving is relied on parallel to state-based support. State-based functions, communities and families need to work together to provide comprehensive support to young female survivors of non-partner sexual violence in Somaliland.

Cerebral malaria: insight into pathogenesis, complications and molecular biomarkers.

Cerebral malaria is a medical emergency. All patients with Plasmodium falciparum malaria with neurologic manifestations of any degree should be urgently treated as cases of cerebral malaria. Pathogenesis of cerebral malaria is due to damaged vascular endothelium by parasite sequestration, inflammatory cytokine production and vascular leakage, which result in brain hypoxia, as indicated by increased lactate and alanine concentrations. The levels of the biomarkers' histidine-rich protein II, angiopoietin-Tie-2 system and plasma osteoprotegrin serve as diagnostic and prognostic markers. Brain imaging may show neuropathology around the caudate and putamen. Mortality is high and patients who survive sustain brain injury which manifests as long-term neurocognitive impairments.

Concern over Zika virus outbreak: another alarming global threat.

Zika virus, as highlighted by the World Health Organization in February 2016, has emerged as a public health emergency of international concern. Zika virus is enveloped and icosahedral, and has a nonsegmented, single-stranded, positive-sense RNA genome. It belongs to Flaviviridae family. Aedes aegypticus mosquito is the known vector. Transmission is anthroponotic (human to vector to human) during outbreaks, or occurs perinatally in utero, sexually, and via transfusion of infected blood. Zika virus is turning out to be a major public health concern. Not only has it shown dramatic teratogenic association and caused serious neurological concerns but it has also spread around the globe. Countries that have not yet been affected by Zika virus should adopt proper preventive methods to limit its spread in the population.

Perspective On Health Seeking Behavior Of Patients With Oropharyngeal Cancers From A Pakistani Background.

Oropharyngeal cancers are the most common cancers of head neck region, they are placed amongst the top ten malignancies globally and around 40% of all the cancers in South and South East Asia. Patient's personal behaviour impacts causality more than the environmental factors in the pathology and prognosis of this particular cancer. In our country risk factors are based on poor infrastructure of the health care system, illiteracy, poor socioeconomic status, Betel nut and quid, smokeless and smoke tobacco. We recommend that an active precautionary approach is required to restrict the rising incidence in the oral cancers, particularly due to culturally related risk habits and reluctance to seek early healthcare amongst our people. Primary prevention is the need of time.