The Effects of Passive Smoking on Laryngeal and Tracheal Mucosa in Male Wistar Rats During Growth: An Experimental Study.

Cigarettes contain toxic and carcinogenic substances. In this context, cigarette smoking, and similar activities, are associated with numerous pathologies, being considered a risk factor in up to 10% of the total number of deaths in adults. Recent evidence suggests that the exposure of children to smoking in the early days of their development causes many diseases. Using light microscopy, this study aims to analyze the possible histopathological effects of an experimental model of chronic inhalation of cigarette smoke (passive smoking) on the laryngeal and tracheal mucosa of young Wistar rats. A total of 24 young Wistar rats were studied for a period of 120 days. The animals were divided into two groups: passive smoking (n = 16) and control (n = 8). The level of exposure to cigarette smoke was evaluated from the urinary cotinine level. Although no cancerous lesions were identified, histopathological analysis in the laryngeal and tracheal mucosa of all the animals in the experimental group showed that the proportion of moderate and focal inflammation was higher in animals exposed to chronic inhalation of cigarette smoke (P = 0.041). Histopathologic analysis revealed moderate and focal inflammatory lesions in the region of the infraglottic mucosa in exposed animals, although without dysplastic or neoplastic lesions in the laryngeal and tracheal mucosa.

Anatomic relation between the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve and the thyroid gland / Relação anatômica entre o ramo externo do nervo laríngeo superior e a glândula tireoide

AIM: This prospective study investigated the anatomic relations between the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve (EBSLN), the superior thyroid artery (STA) and the thyroid gland in human cadavers. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Twenty-two human cadavers aged over 18 years old, less than 24 hours after death. RESULTS: The mean distance between the EBSLN and the superior pole of the thyroid gland was 7.68 ±3.07 mm. A tangent to the inferior edge of the thyroid cartilage between the EBSLN and the STA measured 4.24 ±2.67 mm. A line from the intersection of the EBSLN - related to the STA - to the superior pole of the thyroid gland measured 9.53 ±4.65 mm. A line from the EBSLN to the midline of the most caudal point of the thyroid cartilage measured 19.70 ±2.82 mm. A line from the RENLS to the midline on the most cranial point of the cricoid cartilage was 18.35 ±3.66 mm. CONCLUSION: There is a variable proximity relation between the EBSLN and the superior pole of the thyroid gland; this distance ranges from 3.25 to 15.75 mm. There was no evidence of significant variation between the measures in the ethnic groups comprising the sample.

OBJETIVO: Descrever, prospectivamente, a relação anatômica entre o ramo externo do nervo laríngeo superior (RENLS), a artéria tireoidea superior (ATS) e a glândula tireoide em cadáveres humanos. MATERIAL E MÉTODO: Foram dissecados 22 cadáveres humanos com idade superior a 18 anos, com menos de 24 horas de pós-morte. RESULTADOS: A medida entre o RENLS e o polo superior da glândula tireoide foi 7,68 +/- 3,07mm; entre o RENLS e a ATS foi de 4,24 +/- 2,67mm numa linha tangente ao bordo inferior da cartilagem tireoide; entre o cruzamento da ATS com o RENLS e o polo superior tireoidiano foi 9,53 +/- 4,65mm; entre o RENLS e a linha mediana do pescoço no ponto mais caudal da cartilagem tireoide foi 19,70 +/- 2,82mm; e entre o RENLS e a linha mediana do pescoço no ponto mais cranial da cartilagem cricoide foi 18,35 +/- 3,66mm. CONCLUSÕES: Há uma relação de proximidade variável entre o RENLS e o polo superior da glândula tireoide, variando de 3,25 a 15,75mm. Não constatou-se variações significativas entre as medidas para as diferentes etnias que compõem a amostra.