Correlación entre hallazgos histeroscópicos y reportes histopatológicos en pacientes con sangrado uterino anormal / Correlation between hysteroscopic and histopathological reports in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding

Resumen OBJETIVO: determinar la sensibilidad, especificidad, valores predictivos positivos y negativos de la histeroscopia; evaluar su correlación con los reportes histopatológicos en pacientes con sangrado uterino anormal. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: estudio descriptivo y observacional, al que se incluyeron los registros de procedimientos histeroscópicos de pacientes con sangrado uterino anormal y posmenopáusico, atendidas en el Hospital Integral de la Mujer del Estado de Sonora (HIMES). Se clasificaron los hallazgos histeroscópicos e histopatológicos de las alteraciones endometriales. Para calcular la sensibilidad y especificidad de la histeroscopia las pacientes se agruparon en dos categorías: endometrio normal (mujeres sanas) y endometrio anormal (pacientes con pólipo endometrial, mioma submucoso, adenomiosis, hiperplasia endometrial, cáncer de endometrio, entre otras alteraciones). El análisis estadístico se realizó con el programa SPSS V. 22, para Windows 10.0. La sensibilidad y especificidad se calcularon con intervalos de confianza al 95%, para calcular el coeficiente de correlación se utilizó el método de Pearson. RESULTADOS: se registraron 400 pacientes, con media de edad de 45.2 (± 11.04) años; los diagnósticos más frecuentes fueron los pólipos (26%) y el cáncer endometrial (8%). Se registró una sensibilidad de 0.95 (IC95%: 0.93-0.97) y especificidad de 0.85 (IC95%: 0.82-0.89) para la histeroscopia. Para la detección de las causas de sangrado uterino anormal por histeroscopia se registró un valor predictivo positivo de 0.97 (IC95%: 0.95-0.98) y negativo de 0.79% (IC95%: 0.75-0.83). La correlación entre histopatología e histeroscopia fue de 77.8% (Pearson; p = 0.000), cuando el diagnóstico se establece como endometrio normal o anormal. CONCLUSIÓN: la histeroscopia es una técnica con elevada sensibilidad y especificidad para establecer el diagnóstico de alteraciones endometriales benignas y malignas; además, se observó excelente correlación entre los hallazgos histeroscópicos y los resultados histopatológicos.

Abstract OBJECTIVE: To determine the sensitivity and specificity, predictive value positive and negative and estimate the correlation coefficient between hysteroscopy and endometrial histopathological outcomes in patients with abnormal uterine bleeding. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Descriptive, observational, a series of consecutive cases was performed at the Hysteroscopy Clinic of the "Hospital Integral de la Mujer del Estado de Sonora" were included with abnormal uterine bleeding. The hysteroscopy and histopathological findings of the endometrial alterations were classified. In order to calculate the sensitivity and specificity of the hysteroscopy, the patients were grouped into two categories: normal endometrium (healthy women) and abnormal endometrium (patients with endometrial polyp, submucous myoma, adenomyosis, endometrial hyperplasia, endometrial cancer, among other alterations). Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS program V. 22, for Windows 10.0; the sensitivity and specificity was calculated with 95% confidence intervals, the correlation coefficient was estimated by Pearson method. RESULTS: We registered 400 patients; the average age was 45.2 (±11.04). The most frequent diagnosis by hysteroscopy and histopathological was endometrial polyp. The sensitivity was 0.95 (95%CI = 0.93-0.97) and specificity of 0.85 (95%CI = 0.82-0.89) as cause of abnormal uterine bleeding by hysteroscopy, the positive predictive value was 0.97 95%CI = 95-98) and negative predictive value of 0.79%. (CI95% = 0.75-0.83). The Pearson correlation coefficient was 77.8% (p = 0.000) between hysteroscopy impression and histopathology diagnosis, when the result was classified as normal or abnormal. CONCLUSION: Hysteroscopy is a high sensitivity and specificity technique to diagnosis of benign and malignant endometrial alterations; in addition, an excellent correlation was observed between the hysteroscopy findings and the histopathological findings.

Leiomioma quístico gigante que simula una tumoración ovárica. Reporte de un caso / Giant cystic leiomyoma that mimics an ovarian tumor. Report a case

Resumen: ANTECEDENTES: el leiomioma uterino es el tumor benigno más frecuente en mujeres en edad fértil que puede ser asiento de fenómenos de degeneración y causa de confusión o error en el diagnóstico. CASO CLÍNICO: paciente de 48 años de edad que ingresó por antecedente de dolor en el hipogastrio, con irradiación hacia ambas fosas y flancos e incremento del perímetro abdominal. En la revisión inicial el abdomen se encontró "globoso", con tumoración dependiente de hueco pélvico, que va desde la sínfisis del pubis hasta debajo de la cicatriz umbilical, de consistencia sólida, bordes regulares, móvil. En la exploración ginecológica, a la palpación bimanual, no se logró delimitar el fondo uterino, ni el origen de la tumoración. Los estudios paraclínicos solicitados, incluidos los marcadores tumorales, se reportaron normales. El ultrasonido abdómino-pélvico reportó que el útero estaba normal, con una gran tumoración de forma redonda, márgenes lisos y debidamente delimitados, compatibles con cistoadenoma, sin que se haya determinado el lado de ubicación de la lesión. En la laparotomía exploradora se observó que el útero medía 22 x 16 cm, con un mioma con probable degeneración quística en la cara anterior, anexos de aspecto macroscópicamente normales, sin líquido libre; se realizó histerectomía abdominal total. CONCLUSIÓN: se demuestra que a pesar de que el leiomioma tiene unas imágenes típicas en la mayor parte de los casos, cuando hay cambios degenerativos estos pueden asemejar una tumoración quística ovárica, por ello deben considerarse en el diagnóstico diferencial de las masas anexiales.

Abstract: BACKGROUND: The fibroid or uterine fibroid is the most frequent benign tumor in women of childbearing age, with relative frequency, leiomyoma may be the site of degenerative phenomena, which may lead to confusion or error in diagnosis. CASE REPORT: A 48-year-old female, admitted to our service by the emergency department for a history of hypogastric pain radiating to both pits and flanks and an increase in the abdominal perimeter for a month And medium, negates weight loss, no history of chronic-degenerative diseases, or surgical. On abdominal examination, "globose" at the expense of adipose panicle and pelvic egg-dependent tumor, extending from symphysis pubis to below umbilical scar, solid consistency, regular edges, mobile, soft abdomen, not found Data of peritoneal irritation, during gynecological examination, external genitalia normal to speculum is found, mobile eutrophic cervix, non-painful, without endophytic or exophytic lesions, free sack bottoms, biimanual palpation is not possible to delimit uterine fundus or origin of The tumor, the results of requested paraclinics, including blood count, blood chemistry, liver function tests, coagulation tests and ovarian tumor markers were normal. The abdomino-pelvic ultrasound reports a normal uterus, well delimited margins, size 59 x 35 mm, with endometrium of 7 mm, as well as the presence of a large round-shaped tumor, the margins are smooth and well delimited, this lesion Presents liquid content with internal echoes, in addition to the presence of septa some up to 4 mm thick. Color Doppler is applied and there is only evidence of some thin vessels in peripheral form, the septa do not reveal vascularity, being compatible as first choice, with a cystadenoma, without being able to determine which side is the lesion. In the exploratory laparotomy, a 22 x 16 cm uterus is observed, with presence of myoma with probable cystic degeneration in the anterior face, macroscopically normal appendages, no free fluid is observed, total abdominal hysterectomy is performed. CONCLUSION: Our case shows that, although the myoma presents typical images in most cases, when there are degenerative changes that distort the normal structure of the tumor, it may resemble an ovarian cystic tumor, and should therefore be Considered within the differential diagnosis of the adnexal masses.

[Clinical effectiveness of and tolerance to ramipril in the treatment of essential arterial hypertension phase 1 and 2. Results of a multicenter study]. / Eficacia clínica y aceptabilidad de ramipril en el tratamiento de la hipertensión arterial esencial etapas 1 y 2. Resultados de un estudio multicéntrico.

BACKGROUND: In the last two decades, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors have become first line medications in the treatment of hypertension. AIM: To assess the tolerance and effectiveness of ramipril as monotherapy in the treatment of essential hypertension. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred eighty eight hypertensive patients, aged 21 to 80 years-old, coming from 4 Chilean hospitals were studied. Using an open non controlled design; they were treated with placebo for two weeks and with the active drug during eight weeks, in initial doses of 2.5 mg/day that were adjusted to 5 mg/day if diastolic blood pressure did not drop below 90 mm Hg or if its reduction was less than 10 mm Hg. RESULTS: During the active drug treatment period, systolic blood pressure decreased from 164.8 +/- 7.2 to 147.3 +/- 4.8 mm Hg. Diastolic blood pressure dropped from 102.3 +/- 3.1 to 87.8 +/- 3.0 mm Hg. Seventy percent of patients achieved a diastolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg, 56.9% with 2.5 mg/day and 13.8% with 5 mg/day. Dizziness, cough and headache were the main adverse reactions, observed in 3.7, 3.2 and 2.1% of patients respectively. Adherence to treatment was 98%. There were no changes in laboratory values during the treatment period. CONCLUSIONS: Ramipril is effective and well tolerated in the treatment of essential hypertension.

[Treatment of mild hypertension with captopril and captopril with hydrochlorothiazide. Impact on blood pressure values and quality of life]. / Tratamiento de la hipertensión leve con captopril y captopril e hidroclorotiazida. Impacto en cifras tensionales y calidad de vida.

The effects of captopril alone or associated to hydrochlorothiazide on blood pressure and quality of life was studied in 244 hypertensive subjects. After a medication wash out period of 30 days (and 7 additional days when diuretics were used) patients were treated initially with captopril 25 mg b.i.d. (scheme A); if blood pressure was not normalized, hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg o.d. was added (scheme B) and the dose of captopril was increased to 50 mg bid (scheme C) in a stepwise fashion. Sixteen patients (6.6%) were lost from follow up; in the rest a significant reduction of blood pressure was obtained at the end of the treatment period (from 163/98.9 +/- 19.7/3.1 to 143/85 +/- 12.7/6.7 p < 0.05), without changes in cardiac frequency. Using captopril alone, blood pressure was normalized at 15 and 75 days in 62.9 and 70.6% of patients respectively. With captopril plus hydrochlorothiazide blood pressure was normalized in 80.9% of patients. Quality of life improved significantly from of 42.8 +/- 1.7 to 50.7 +/- 15 score points (p < 0.05) secondary effects were observed in 7.4% of patients. It is concluded that captopril alone or associated to hydrochlorothiazide is effective in the treatment of mild hypertension, produces few secondary effects and improves the quality of life.

[Myocardial infarction and pregnancy]. / Infarto del miocardio y embarazo.

We show a clinic case of a female patient 42 years old that suffered a myocardial infarction by coronary spasm, while she was in her 30th and a half weeks of gestation. We analyze the bases of the diagnostic its evolution and the neonatal complications.