The Application of Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV): Vaccine Vectors and Tumor Therapy.

Newcastle disease virus (NDV) is an avian pathogen with an unsegmented negative-strand RNA genome that belongs to the Paramyxoviridae family. While primarily pathogenic in birds, NDV presents no threat to human health, rendering it a safe candidate for various biomedical applications. Extensive research has highlighted the potential of NDV as a vector for vaccine development and gene therapy, owing to its transcriptional modularity, low recombination rate, and lack of a DNA phase during replication. Furthermore, NDV exhibits oncolytic capabilities, efficiently eliciting antitumor immune responses, thereby positioning it as a promising therapeutic agent for cancer treatment. This article comprehensively reviews the biological characteristics of NDV, elucidates the molecular mechanisms underlying its oncolytic properties, and discusses its applications in the fields of vaccine vector development and tumor therapy.

Current Status of Poultry Recombinant Virus Vector Vaccine Development.

Inactivated and live attenuated vaccines are the mainstays of preventing viral poultry diseases. However, the development of recombinant DNA technology in recent years has enabled the generation of recombinant virus vector vaccines, which have the advantages of preventing multiple diseases simultaneously and simplifying the vaccination schedule. More importantly, some can induce a protective immune response in the presence of maternal antibodies and offer long-term immune protection. These advantages compensate for the shortcomings of traditional vaccines. This review describes the construction and characterization of primarily poultry vaccine vectors, including fowl poxvirus (FPV), fowl adenovirus (FAdV), Newcastle disease virus (NDV), Marek's disease virus (MDV), and herpesvirus of turkey (HVT). In addition, the pathogens targeted and the immunoprotective effect of different poultry recombinant virus vector vaccines are also presented. Finally, this review discusses the challenges in developing vector vaccines and proposes strategies for improving immune efficacy.

Estrogen alleviates liver fibrosis and restores metabolic homeostasis in ovariectomy-induced liver injury and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) exposure.

AIM: Given estrogen's recognized regulatory influence on diverse metabolic and immune functions, this study sought to explore its potential impact on fibrosis and elucidate the underlying metabolic regulations. METHODS: Female mice underwent ovary removal surgery, followed by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) administration to induce liver injury. Biochemical index analysis and histopathological examination were then conducted. The expression levels of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß), and collagen type 1 alpha 1 chain (COL1A1) were assessed using western blotting to further elucidate the extent of liver injury. Finally, metabolite extraction and metabolomic analysis were performed to evaluate metabolic changes. RESULTS: Ovary removal exacerbated CCl4-induced liver damage, while estrogen supplementation provided protection against hepatic changes resulting from OVX. Furthermore, estrogen mitigated liver injury induced by CCl4 treatment in vivo. Estrogen supplementation significantly restored liver damage induced by OVX and CCl4. Comparative analysis revealed significant alterations in pathways including aminoacyl-tRNA biosynthesis, glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism, lysine degradation, and taurine and hypotaurine metabolism in estrogen treatment. CONCLUSION: Estrogen supplementation alleviates liver injury induced by OVX and CCl4, highlighting its protective effects against fibrosis and associated metabolic alterations.

Dissecting infectious bronchitis virus-induced host shutoff at the translation level.

Viruses have evolved a range of strategies to utilize or manipulate the host's cellular translational machinery for efficient infection, although the mechanisms by which infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) manipulates the host translation machinery remain unclear. In this study, we firstly demonstrate that IBV infection causes host shutoff, although viral protein synthesis is not affected. We then screened 23 viral proteins, and identified that more than one viral protein is responsible for IBV-induced host shutoff, the inhibitory effects of proteins Nsp15 were particularly pronounced. Ribosome profiling was used to draw the landscape of viral mRNA and cellular genes expression model, and the results showed that IBV mRNAs gradually dominated the cellular mRNA pool, the translation efficiency of the viral mRNAs was lower than the median efficiency (about 1) of cellular mRNAs. In the analysis of viral transcription and translation, higher densities of RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) and ribosome profiling (Ribo-seq) reads were observed for structural proteins and 5' untranslated regions, which conformed to the typical transcriptional characteristics of nested viruses. Translational halt events and the number of host genes increased significantly after viral infection. The translationally paused genes were enriched in translation, unfolded-protein-related response, and activation of immune response pathways. Immune- and inflammation-related mRNAs were inefficiently translated in infected cells, and IBV infection delayed the production of IFN-ß and IFN-λ. Our results describe the translational landscape of IBV-infected cells and demonstrate new strategies by which IBV induces host gene shutoff to promote its replication. IMPORTANCE: Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a γ-coronavirus that causes huge economic losses to the poultry industry. Understanding how the virus manipulates cellular biological processes to facilitate its replication is critical for controlling viral infections. Here, we used Ribo-seq to determine how IBV infection remodels the host's biological processes and identified multiple viral proteins involved in host gene shutoff. Immune- and inflammation-related mRNAs were inefficiently translated, the translation halt of unfolded proteins and immune activation-related genes increased significantly, benefitting IBV replication. These data provide new insights into how IBV modulates its host's antiviral responses.

T-Cell Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders After Allogeneic Hematopoietic Stem Cell Transplantation: Case Series and Systemic Review.

Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) is a rare lymphoid and/or plasmocytic proliferation that occurs after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allo-HSCT). We aimed to identify the pathologic features and clinical outcomes of T-cell PTLD, an extremely rare subtype of PTLD, after allo-HSCT. In this study, six allo-HSCT recipients with T-cell PTLD from five transplant centers in China were enrolled. All the T-cell PTLD were donor-derived, and three patients were with monomorphic and three with polymorphic types, respectively. All patients received cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (CHOP)-based chemotherapy. Five patients achieved complete response (CR), and one experienced progressive disease (PD). The median time from HSCT to onset was 4 (range: 0.6-72) months, analyzed in combination with the other 16 patients with T-cell PTLD identified from previous reports. About 56.3% of the T-cell samples (9/16) were positive for in situ hybridization with an Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)-encoded small nuclear early region (EBER ISH). CHOP-based chemotherapy might be the optimal strategy for patients who showed no response to empiric therapy with a CR rate of 87.5%. In conclusion, our study observed that T-cell PTLD has distinct clinical manifestations and morphological features, which characterized by less relation to EBV, later occurrence, and poorer prognosis when compared with B-cell PTLD.

TNIK in disease: from molecular insights to therapeutic prospects.

TRAF2 and NCK interacting kinase (TNIK), a critical interacting protein kinase, is currently receiving wide attention. TNIK is found in various human body organs and tissues and participates in cell motility, proliferation, and differentiation. On the one hand, its aberrant expression is related to the onset and progression of numerous malignant tumors. On the other hand, TNIK is important in neuronal growth, proliferation, differentiation, and synaptic formation. Thus, the novel therapeutic strategies for targeting TNIK offer a promising direction for cancer, neurological or psychotic disorders. Here, we briefly summarized the biological information of TNIK, reviewed the role and regulatory mechanism in cancer and neuropsychiatric diseases, and introduced the research progress of inhibitors targeting TNIK. Taken together, this review hopes to contribute to the in-depth understanding of the function and regulatory mechanism of TNIK, which is of great significance for revealing the role of TNIK in the occurrence and treatment of diseases.

ß-Lapachone promotes the recruitment and polarization of tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) toward an antitumor (N1) phenotype in NQO1-positive cancers.

NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) is overexpressed in most solid cancers, emerging as a promising target for tumor-selective killing. ß-Lapachone (ß-Lap), an NQO1 bioactivatable drug, exhibits significant antitumor effects on NQO1-positive cancer cells by inducing immunogenic cell death (ICD) and enhancing tumor immunogenicity. However, the interaction between ß-Lap-mediated antitumor immune responses and neutrophils, novel antigen-presenting cells (APCs), remains unknown. This study demonstrates that ß-Lap selectively kills NQO1-positive murine tumor cells by significantly increasing intracellular ROS formation and inducing DNA double strand breaks (DSBs), resulting in DNA damage. Treatment with ß-Lap efficiently eradicates immunocompetent murine tumors and significantly increases the infiltration of tumor-associated neutrophils (TANs) into the tumor microenvironment (TME), which plays a crucial role in the drug's therapeutic efficacy. Further, the presence of ß-Lap-induced antigen medium leads bone marrow-derived neutrophils (BMNs) to directly kill murine tumor cells, aiding in dendritic cells (DCs) recruitment and significantly enhancing CD8+ T cell proliferation. ß-Lap treatment also drives the polarization of TANs toward an antitumor N1 phenotype, characterized by elevated IFN-ß expression and reduced TGF-ß cytokine expression, along with increased CD95 and CD54 surface markers. ß-Lap treatment also induces N1 TAN-mediated T cell cross-priming. The HMGB1/TLR4/MyD88 signaling cascade influences neutrophil infiltration into ß-Lap-treated tumors. Blocking this cascade or depleting neutrophil infiltration abolishes the antigen-specific T cell response induced by ß-Lap treatment. Overall, this study provides comprehensive insights into the role of tumor-infiltrating neutrophils in the ß-Lap-induced antitumor activity against NQO1-positive murine tumors.

Alloferon Mitigates LPS-Induced Endometritis by Attenuating the NLRP3/CASP1/IL-1ß/IL-18 Signaling Cascade.

Endometritis is an inflammatory reaction of the uterine lining that can lead to infertility. Alloferon, a linear non-glycosylated oligopeptide, has been recognized for its potent anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects. In light of these attributes, this study aims to explore the potential therapeutic effects of alloferon in alleviating endometrial inflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS), while elucidating the underlying protective mechanisms. Two conditions representing pre- and post-menopause states were simulated using an ovariectomized (Ovx) murine model. The findings underscore alloferon's remarkable capacity to alleviate cardinal signs of endometritis, including redness, swelling, and congestion, while concurrently restoring the structural integrity of the endometrial tissue. Moreover, alloferon effectively modulates the expression of key inflammatory mediators, such as nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3), cysteine aspartate-specific protease 1 (CASP1), interleukin-1ß (IL-1ß), and interleukin-18 (IL-18). In vitro experiments were conducted to further corroborate and validate these findings. In conclusion, alloferon shows promising potential in mitigating LPS-induced inflammation by attenuating the NLRP3/CASP1/IL-1ß/IL-18 signaling cascade.

cAMP-independent DNA binding of the CRP family protein DdrI from Deinococcus radiodurans.

The cAMP receptor proteins (CRPs) play a critical role in bacterial environmental adaptation by regulating global gene expression levels via cAMP binding. Here, we report the structure of DdrI, a CRP family protein from Deinococcus radiodurans. Combined with biochemical, kinetic, and molecular dynamics simulations analyses, our results indicate that DdrI adopts a DNA-binding conformation in the absence of cAMP and can form stable complexes with the target DNA sequence of classical CRPs. Further analysis revealed that the high-affinity cAMP binding pocket of DdrI is partially filled with Tyr113-Arg55-Glu65 sidechains, mimicking the anti-cAMP-mediated allosteric transition. Moreover, the second syn-cAMP binding site of DdrI at the protein-DNA interface is more negatively charged compared to that of classical CRPs, and manganese ions can enhance its DNA binding affinity. DdrI can also bind to a target sequence that mimics another transcription factor, DdrO, suggesting potential cross-talk between these two transcription factors. These findings reveal a class of CRPs that are independent of cAMP activation and provide valuable insights into the environmental adaptation mechanisms of D. radiodurans.IMPORTANCEBacteria need to respond to environmental changes at the gene transcriptional level, which is critical for their evolution, virulence, and industrial applications. The cAMP receptor protein (CRP) of Escherichia coli (ecCRP) senses changes in intracellular cAMP levels and is a classic example of allosteric effects in textbooks. However, the structures and biochemical activities of CRPs are not generally conserved and there exist different mechanisms. In this study, we found that the proposed CRP from Deinococcus radiodurans, DdrI, exhibited DNA binding ability independent of cAMP binding and adopted an apo structure resembling the activated CRP. Manganese can enhance the DNA binding of DdrI while allowing some degree of freedom for its target sequence. These results suggest that CRPs can evolve to become a class of cAMP-independent global regulators, enabling bacteria to adapt to different environments according to their characteristics. The first-discovered CRP family member, ecCRP (or CAP) may well not be typical of the family and be very different to the ancestral CRP-family transcription factor.

Prostaglandin E2 inhibits the differentiation of T regulatory cells by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Gamma during allergic rhinitis.

BACKGROUND: Allergic rhinitis (AR) represents a significant global health concern that can give rise to numerous diseases and result in labor productivity. T regulatory (Treg) cells are pivotal players in the pathogenesis of AR, and their deficiencies are closely related to Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2). However, the downstream mechanisms of this relationship remain poorly understood. OBJECTIVE: This study aims to investigate the inhibitory mechanisms through which PGE2 impacts the differentiation of Treg cells. METHODS: We compared the differentiation of Treg cells from naïve CD4+ T cells of AR patients and healthy controls, with or without the presence of PGE2 by flow cytometry. Intracellular cAMP concentration, mRNA and protein levels of cyclic-AMP dependent protein kinase A (PKA), as well as their downstream target, Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) were examined in Treg cells from AR and healthy donors. AR mouse model was established by pollen administration. RESULTS: PGE2 suppressed the differentiation of Treg cells from human naïve CD4+ T cells through the EP4 receptor. Furthermore, in AR patients and AR mouse, the expression of EP4 receptor were observed enhanced. The PGE2-EP4 signal was carried out by activating cAMP-PKA signaling pathway. Subsequently, phospholated PKA would suppress PPAR-γ expression. Treatment of Pioglitazone, a PPAR-γ agonist, was demonstrated to rescue the differentiation of Treg and help alleviate inflammation in the AR mouse model. CONCLUSION: In AR disease, the PGE2-EP4 signaling exerts an inhibitory effect on Treg differentiation by influencing the cAMP-PKA pathway and its downstream target PPAR-γ.

POLM variant G312R promotes ovarian tumorigenesis through genomic instability and COL11A1-NF-κB axis.

In ovarian cancer (OC), identifying key molecular players in disease escalation and chemoresistance remains critical. Our investigation elucidates the role of the DNA Polymerase Mu (POLM) , especially G312R mutation, in propelling oncogenesis through dual pathways. POLMG312R markedly augments the ribonucleotide insertion capability of POLM, precipitating genomic instability. Additionally, our research reveals that POLMG312R perturbs Collagen alpha-1 (XI) chain (COL11A1) expression-a gene plays a key role in oncogenesis-and modulates the NF-κB signaling pathway, alters the secretion of downstream inflammatory cytokines, and promotes tumor-macrophage interactions. We illustrate a bidirectional regulatory interaction between POLM, particularly its G312R variant, and COL11A1. This interaction regulates NF-κB signaling, culminating in heightened malignancy and resistance to chemotherapy in OC cells. These insights position the POLM as a potential molecular target for OC therapy, shedding light on the intricate pathways underpinning POLM variant disease progression.

The role of intraoperative central lymph node biopsy in the treatment of clinically low-risk PTMC.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the role of intraoperative frozen biopsy of central lymph nodes in central neck dissection and thyroidectomy in patients of unilateral, clinically negative nodes (cN0) papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) without extra-glandular invasion. METHODS: The clinical data of 465 patients were collected retrospectively. Part of prelaryngeal, pretracheal and ipsilateral paratracheal lymph nodes were taken for frozen pathological examination during the operation. Then the thyroid lobe on the tumor side and isthmus were excised, and central neck dissection of the affected side was performed in all patients. The number of metastases in entire central lymph nodes of the affected side can be obtained by postoperative paraffin pathology. If the number of positive lymph nodes during surgery is ≥3, contralateral gland resection was performed. RESULTS: In this group of 465 patients, there were 186 cases with central lymph node metastasis. The Kappa coefficient of consistency between frozen pathology and paraffin pathology in central lymph nodes was 0.605. The ROC curve for the number of intraoperative frozen metastases-postoperative pathological metastases over 5 showed that the AUC of the curve was 0.793, while the maximum Youden index was 0.5259, whose corresponding number of positive lymph nodes was 3. CONCLUSION: Intraoperative central lymph nodes biopsy can be used as an important indicator for the status of central lymph node metastasis in unilateral cN0 PTMC patients without extra-glandular invasion and a determinant for central lymph node dissection. While the number of positive lymph nodes intraoperatively is ≥3, total thyroidectomy should be considered.

Safety and efficacy of Yaobitong capsules for lumbar disc herniation: A multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, parallel, positive-controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is one of the most common diseases and is a global medical and socioeconomic problem characterized by leg or back pain, weakness in the lower extremities and paresthesia. OBJECTIVES: A multicenter, randomized, double-blinded, parallel, positive-controlled clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of Yaobitong capsules (YBT) for LDH. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Patients (n = 479) were recruited and randomized into YBT and Jingyaokang capsule (JYK) groups (the positive control), and received YBT or JYK at a dose of 3 capsules 3 times per day after a meal for 30 days. The primary efficacy outcome was the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), with the visual analogue scale (VAS) used as the secondary efficacy outcome. The adverse events and adverse reactions were also evaluated. RESULTS: There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics between YBT (n = 358) and JYK groups (n = 120), and no difference was observed between groups for mean ODI score at day 0 (p = 0.064) or day 7 (p = 0.196), but there were differences at days 14, 21 and 30 (p < 0.001). The YBT showed more decline from baseline, and the decreased ODI score was substantially different from JYK (p < 0.001). The differences in decreased VAS scores between YBT and JYK were also significant at each time point (days 7, 14, 21, and 30), with better scores in the YBT group than in the JYK group (p < 0.001). In terms of safety, there was no obvious disparity in adverse events or adverse reactions between the 2 groups (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Yaobitong was better than JYK for LDH treatment, with no significant difference in safety. The study suggests that YBT is a promising and effective treatment for LDH.

Neoadjuvant therapy increases the risk of metabolic disorders and osteosarcopenia in patients with early breast cancer.

BACKGROUND: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effects of neoadjuvant therapy on glucose and lipid metabolism, bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle, and to explore the relationship between metabolic disorders and changes in body composition, so as to provide better health management strategies for breast cancer survivors. METHODS: The clinical data of 43 patients with breast cancer who received neoadjuvant therapy in Xuanwu Hospital from January 2020 to June 2021 were analyzed retrospectively. The biochemical results, including albumin, blood glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol, were collected before neoadjuvant therapy and before surgery. The pectoral muscle area, pectoral muscle density and cancellous bone mineral density of the 12th thoracic vertebra were also measured by chest CT. RESULTS: After neoadjuvant therapy, fasting blood glucose, triglyceride and cholesterol were significantly increased, albumin was decreased. At the same time, pectoral muscle area, pectoral muscle density and T12 BMD were decreased. After treatment, BMD was positively correlated with pectoral muscle area, R2 = 0.319, P = 0.037, and BMD was also positively correlated with pectoral muscle density, R2 = 0.329, P = 0.031. Multivariate analysis showed that BMD and pectoral muscle density were correlated with menstrual status, and pectoral muscle area was correlated with body mass index before treatment, none of which was related to glucose and lipid metabolism. CONCLUSION: Neoadjuvant therapy can cause glucose and lipid metabolism disorder, BMD decrease and muscle reduction. BMD was positively correlated with muscle area and density after treatment, suggesting that patients had an increased chance of developing osteosarcopenia.

Comprehensive review on lipid metabolism and RNA methylation: Biological mechanisms, perspectives and challenges.

Adipose tissue plays a crucial role in maintaining energy balance, regulating hormones, and promoting metabolic health. To address disorders related to obesity and develop effective therapies, it is essential to have a deep understanding of adipose tissue biology. In recent years, RNA methylation has emerged as a significant epigenetic modification involved in various cellular functions and metabolic pathways. Particularly in the realm of adipogenesis and lipid metabolism, extensive research is ongoing to uncover the mechanisms and functional importance of RNA methylation. Increasing evidence suggests that RNA methylation plays a regulatory role in adipocyte development, metabolism, and lipid utilization across different organs. This comprehensive review aims to provide an overview of common RNA methylation modifications, their occurrences, and regulatory mechanisms, focusing specifically on their intricate connections to fat metabolism. Additionally, we discuss the research methodologies used in studying RNA methylation and highlight relevant databases that can aid researchers in this rapidly advancing field.

Maternal folic acid supplementation to prevent preeclampsia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this systematic review was to examine the association between folic acid supplementation during pregnancy and the risk of preeclampsia. METHODS: Relevant studies were included by searching Embase, PubMed, Scope, Web of science, Cochrane Library databases. Studies were reviewed according to prespecified inclusion and exclusion criteria. Study characteristics were summarized, and study quality was assessed. Risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were used as indicators of effect to assess the relationship between folic acid supplementation and risk of preeclampsia. RESULTS: The protocol of this study was prospectively registered with the PROSPERO (registration No. CRD42022380636). A total of nine studies were included, divided into three groups according to the type of study, containing a total of 107 051 and 105 222 women who were supplemented and not supplemented with folic acid during pregnancy. The results showed that folic acid supplementation during pregnancy could not be proven to reduce the risk of preeclampsia. CONCLUSION: The results of the study suggest that folic acid supplementation alone is not associated with a decreased risk of pre-eclampsia,but the inferences are somewhat limited by the low methodological quality of the included literature, and therefore higher quality studies are needed to prove this point.

Cell-free fat extract regulates oxidative stress and alleviates Th2-mediated inflammation in atopic dermatitis.

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common inflammatory skin disease that significantly affects patients' quality of life. This study aimed to evaluate the therapeutic potential of cell-free fat extract (FE) in AD. In this study, the therapeutic effect of DNCB-induced AD mouse models was investigated. Dermatitis scores and transepidermal water loss (TEWL) were recorded to evaluate the severity of dermatitis. Histological analysis and cytokines measurement were conducted to assess the therapeutic effect. Additionally, the ability of FE to protect cells from ROS-induced damage and its ROS scavenging capacity both in vitro and in vivo were investigated. Furthermore, we performed Th1/2 cell differentiation with and without FE to elucidate the underlying therapeutic mechanism. FE reduced apoptosis and cell death of HaCat cells exposed to oxidative stress. Moreover, FE exhibited concentration-dependent antioxidant activity and scavenged ROS both in vitro and vivo. Treatment with FE alleviated AD symptoms in mice, as evidenced by improved TEWL, restored epidermis thickness, reduced mast cell infiltration, decreased DNA oxidative damage and lower inflammatory cytokines like IFN-γ, IL-4, and IL-13. FE also inhibited the differentiation of Th2 cells in vitro. Our findings indicate that FE regulates oxidative stress and mitigates Th2-mediated inflammation in atopic dermatitis by inhibiting Th2 cell differentiation, suggesting that FE has the potential as a future treatment option for AD.

Deciphering infected cell types, hub gene networks and cell-cell communication in infectious bronchitis virus via single-cell RNA sequencing.

Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a coronavirus that infects chickens, which exhibits a broad tropism for epithelial cells, infecting the tracheal mucosal epithelium, intestinal mucosal epithelium, and renal tubular epithelial cells. Utilizing single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq), we systematically examined cells in renal, bursal, and tracheal tissues following IBV infection and identified tissue-specific molecular markers expressed in distinct cell types. We evaluated the expression of viral RNA in diverse cellular populations and subsequently ascertained that distal tubules and collecting ducts within the kidney, bursal mucosal epithelial cells, and follicle-associated epithelial cells exhibit susceptibility to IBV infection through immunofluorescence. Furthermore, our findings revealed an upregulation in the transcription of proinflammatory cytokines IL18 and IL1B in renal macrophages as well as increased expression of apoptosis-related gene STAT in distal tubules and collecting duct cells upon IBV infection leading to renal damage. Cell-to-cell communication unveiled potential interactions between diverse cell types, as well as upregulated signaling pathways and key sender-receiver cell populations after IBV infection. Integrating single-cell data from all tissues, we applied weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify gene modules that are specifically expressed in different cell populations. Based on the WGCNA results, we identified seven immune-related gene modules and determined the differential expression pattern of module genes, as well as the hub genes within these modules. Our comprehensive data provides valuable insights into the pathogenesis of IBV as well as avian antiviral immunology.

Nitrogen-phosphorus dual-doped auricularia auricula porous carbon as host for Li-S battery.

A nitrogen-phosphorus dual-doped porous spore carbon (NP-PSC) positive electrode matrix was prepared using native auricularia auricula as solid medium based on the principle of biomass rot. Yeast was introduce and cultured by the auricularia auricula solid medium. The freeze-drying and carbonization activation processes made the materials present a three-dimensional porous spore carbon aerogel properties. Yeast fermentation transformed auricularia auricula from blocky structure to porous structure and introduced nitrogen-phosphorus dual-doping. The physical and chemical properties of the prepared materials were characterized in detail. Electrochemical performance of NP-PSC in Li-S batteries was systematically investigated. Porous structure and heteroatom-doping improved the electrochemical performance, which is much superior to conventional activated carbon materials.