Motivation toward Physical Activity and Healthy Habits of Adolescents: A Systematic Review.

Adolescence is a transformative period in which rapid physical, cognitive and psychosocial growth takes place. Laying the foundation for healthy behaviors is paramount during these formative years. The aim of this review is to determine which countries are leading in research on adolescents' motivation towards physical activity and healthy habits and their main findings. A systematic review was conducted following the PRISMA statement using the Web of Science and Scopus databases during the months of September to December 2022. The search terms used were: "Physical activity", "Motivation" and "Adolescents", in the following research areas: Education, Educational Research and Sport Sciences. A total of 5594 articles were identified, but only those that met the established criteria were included (32 articles). It is concluded that most of the research is led in Spain with 16 articles, followed by 3 in Chile, 2 in Portugal, 2 in Norway and the rest of the countries with 1. Likewise, most of the works include very similar aspects regarding the incidence of motivation towards the adherence to the practice of Physical Activity and healthy habits.

The Physical Education Class Perceived by Schoolchildren from 6 to 8 Years Old Expressed through Drawings.

Physical Education is one of the subjects that arouses the most interest in children. The aim of this study is to find out the opinion that primary school students have about the Physical Education class. Drawings from a sample of 62 students from an educational centre in the city of Jaén, aged between six and eight years old, were analysed. The results show that the larger size of the drawings corresponds to the aspects that are to be emphasised. This subject is carried out regularly in the sports pavilion of the centre, making frequent use of materials such as sticks, hoops or balls. Cheerful colours are used, reflecting their enthusiasm for the subject. The smiling facial expression represents the schoolchildren's interest in the subject. The most popular games or sports are basketball and pichi, both of them collective.

Influence of the characteristics of the house and place of residence in the daily educational activities of children during the period of COVID-19' confinement.

The period of confinement motivated by the COVID-19 pandemic and established by the governments of different countries has influenced the lifestyle of millions of children, not being able to continue carrying out multiple educational activities as they did until confinement. The objective of this research was to determine and analyze whether the living conditions of children during the period of confinement caused by COVID-19 influenced their daily educational activities. A descriptive, comparative and cross-sectional quantitative study with a non-experimental design was carried out, with a single measurement in a single group. Factors associate with living conditions were analyzed, such as the place of residence and the type of house in which Spanish children have been confined, as well as the number and use of technological devices. The parents' perception of the children's state of fatigue, happiness, energy and tiredness was also analyzed. We have worked with a sample of 837 Spanish children. As a data collection instrument, the validated questionnaire on Equipment and Use of Information and Communication Technologies in Households (TIC-H2019) of the National Statistics Institute (INE) was used, following the recommendations of the Statistical Office of the European Union (EUROSTAT). The results confirm some statistically significant influence of the conditions of the house and place of residence on the daily time dedicated to different educational activities such as reading, physical activity, free play or use of technological devices between children residing in small flats and those residing in large flats or houses with garden and those residing in urban and rural settings.

Systematic Review of the Literature About the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Lives of School Children.

Background: The year 2020 has been marked by the emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). This virus has reached many countries and has paralyzed the lives of many people who have been forced to stay at home in confinement. There have been many studies that have sought to analyze the impact of this pandemic from different perspectives; however, this study will pay attention to how it has affected and how it may affect children between 0 and 12 years in the future after the closure of schools for months. Objective: The objective of this article is to learn about the research carried out on the child population in times of confinement, especially those dealing with the psychological and motor aspects of minors. Methods: To carry out this systematic review, the PRISMA statement has been followed to achieve an adequate and organized structure of the manuscript. The bibliography has been searched in the Web of Science (WOS), Scopus, and Dialnet databases, using as keywords: "COVID-19" and "Children." The criteria that were established for the selection of the articles were (1) articles focusing on an age of up to 12 years, (2) papers relating COVID-19 to children, and (3) studies analyzing the psychological and motor characteristics of children during confinement. Results: A total of nine manuscripts related to the psychological and motor factors in children under 12 have been found. The table presenting the results includes the authors, title, place of publication, and key ideas of the selected manuscripts. Conclusion: After concluding the systematic review, it has been detected that there are few studies that have focused their attention on the psychological, motor, or academic problems that can occur to minors after a situation of these characteristics. Similarly, a small number of studies have been found that promote actions at the family and school level to reverse this situation when life returns to normal. These results may be useful for future studies that seek to expand the information according to the evolution of the pandemic.

Use of the Smartphone and Self-Concept in University Students According to the Gender Variable.

The university stage comprises a very important and vital period in the modification of students' lifestyles, and these changes can affect their self-concept. The excessive use of technology today can also influence the formation of their identity. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between self-concept and the use of the smartphone by university students in terms of gender. The sample included 253 students (mean age 21.39 ± 3.27) of the Primary Education Degree of the University of Jaén (106 men and 147 women). A questionnaire was used to unify several instruments: a sociodemographic questionnaire, a Self-Concept Form-5 questionnaire (AF-5), and a questionnaire on cell phone-related experiences (CERM). The results show the existence of significant differences between both genders in the academic, emotional, and social dimensions of self-concept, with women showing a greater academic self-concept and men showing an emotional and physical one. Regarding the use of the smartphone in relation to self-concept, significant differences are found in the academic and emotional dimensions depending on the degree of use. In addition, in relation to the use of the smartphone, it has been detected that half of the students present potential problems. It is concluded that there is a relationship between both constructs, especially the academic and emotional self-concept.

Analysis of the Dimensions of Quality of Life in Colombian University Students: Structural Equation Analysis.

The aim of the present study was to define and contrast a explicative model of the relationship between the variables of quality of life that make up the KIDSCREEN-52 questionnaire. METHODS: A total of 1641 Colombian university students aged between 17 and 18 years (17.69 + 0.490) participated in this research (61.2% males and 38.8% females) analyzing the dimensions of the KIDSCREEN-52 quality of life questionnaire. A model of structural equation was made and adjusted (χ2 = 118.021; DF = 6; p < 0.001; CFI = 0.953; NFI = 0.951; IFI = 0.954; RMSEA = 0.076). RESULTS: The analyzed dimensions of quality of life were related in a positive and direct way, except for the Parent Relationship and Family Life (Family L.) with Social Acceptance (Social A.), which were associated in a negative and indirect manner. CONCLUSIONS: The main conclusion of this investigation is that all dimensions of quality of life associate in a positive manner with the exception of Parent Relationship and Family Life (Family L.) which associated with Social Acceptance (Social A.). The qualities improve together, highlighting the idea that working on any of the areas that comprise quality of life will cause development of the remaining areas.

Análisis del bienestar subjetivo del jugador de pádel / Analysis of the Subjective Well-Being of the Player of Paddle / Análise do Bem-Estar Subjetivo do Paddle Player

Por la importancia del pádel en España, el propósito de este estudio fue profundizar sobre el análisis del estado de bienestar subjetivo del jugador de este deporte. Para ello se analizaron tres factores relacionados con la felicidad: la felicidad propiamente dicha, la satisfacción con la vida y el estado de ánimo. En el estudio han participado 118 sujetos con una edad media de 31.86 años (DT = ± 8.959). Los instrumentos utilizados para evaluar estos constructos fueron la Escala factorial para medir la Felicidad, Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) y el Profile of Mood States (POMS). El análisis ha puesto de manifiesto la correlación entre los tres factores. Los resultados señalan que a medida que se incrementa el tiempo de práctica, los jugadores de pádel obtienen puntuaciones más favorables para las diferentes dimensiones del estado de ánimo (POMS), por lo que se considera que existe una relación positiva entre la práctica del pádel y el bienestar subjetivo de la persona

Due to the importance of paddle in Spain, the purpose of this study was to deepen the analysis of the subjective welfare state of the player of this sport. For this, three factors of intimate relationship with happiness were analyzed, such as, happiness itself, satisfaction with life and mood. The study involved 118 subjects, of average age 31.86 years (SD = ± 8.959). The instruments used to evaluate these constructs were the Factor Scale to measure Happiness, Satisfaction With Life Scale (SWLS) and the Profile of Mood States (POMS). The analysis has revealed the correlation between the three factors. The results indicate that as the practice time increases the paddle players obtain more favorable scores for the different dimensions of the state of mind (POMS). Regarding the results obtained, it is considered that there is a positive relationship between the practice of paddle sports and the subjective well-being of the person

Devido à importância do padel na Espanha, o objetivo deste estudo foi aprofundar a análise do estado de bem-estar subjetivo do jogador deste esporte. Para isso, foram analisados três fatores relacionados à felicidade: felicidade em si, satisfação com a vida e humor. O estudo envolveu 118 sujeitos com uma idade média de 31,86 anos (DP = ± 8,959). Os instrumentos utilizados para avaliar essas construções foram a escala fatorial para medir a felicidade, a satisfação com Escala de Vida (SWLS) eo Profile of Mood States (POMS). A análise revelou a correlação entre os três fatores. Os resultados mostram que, como tempo de prática aumenta, jogadores de padel obter pontuações mais favoráveis para as diferentes dimensões de humor (POMS), então considera-se que existe uma relação positiva entre a prática de padel e o bem-estar subjetivo da pessoa

Mini Review of the Use of the Mobile Phone and Its Repercussion in the Deficit of Physical Activity.

BACKGROUND: Current technology has the ability to distract and evade its users, this resulting in an addiction or "escape" from the real world. The excessive use of smartphones can cause a decrease in physical activity (PA) for many people prefer to use these devices rather than do the recommended physical exercise. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this paper is to analyze the possible relation between the use of smartphones and the reduction in the practice of PA that is reflected in scientific articles. METHODS: The PRISMA statement has been followed for systematic reviews and meta-analyses in order to achieve a correct organization and integrity of the work. Our search for bibliography has been carried out in the WOS and Scopus databases, together with the research domains "Social Sciences Other Topics," "Education Educational Research," and "Sport Sciences." After applying the inclusion criteria, a total of 14 articles were obtained, these forming the base body of this research. RESULTS: Nine of the fourteen articles show that there is a negative relationship between the smartphone and PA practice. The age groups most studied in relation to this topic range from 13 to 18 and from 19 to 25. CONCLUSION: It is our conclusion that the inappropriate use of these mobile devices is associated with low levels of motivation and practice of PA in their users. Similarly, we have emphasized the lack of scientific work dealing with this issue.

Propiedades psicométricas de la Utrecht Work Engagement Scale en estudiantes de educación / Psychometric Properties of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale in Teacher Training Students

Resumen Este trabajo tiene por objeto aplicar la escala UWES-S a los sujetos que se están formando como profesores y estudiar la inferencia de las variables sociodemográficas y personales en el compromiso con sus estudios. Material y Método: Para esta investigación, instrumental y empírica, se ha utilizado la versión española del Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES-S), adaptada a dichos estudios, que evalúa el grado de compromiso individual (motivación) del sujeto hacia la actividad que realiza. El cuestionario comprende 17 ítems, con escala Likert de cinco posiciones. Se han usado cuatro programas estadísticos: SPSS.22, Factor.10, MPlus.7 y G*Pwer 3.1.9.2. Han participado 373 estudiantes del grado de Maestro (n = 196 de Educación Primaria, n = 85 de Educación Infantil) y n = 92 del Máster de Formación del Profesorado de Secundaria) de dos universidades del norte y sur de España, y una universidad de Chile. Tras el análisis de resultados y la discusión, se concluye que existen diferencias significativas en cuanto al sexo y situación geográfica de las universidades. Las mujeres se sienten más comprometidas con sus estudios, así como los estudiantes del sur de España y los latinoamericanos, al compararlos con los del norte.

Abstract This paper undertook to apply the UWES-S scale to the individuals training as teachers, and to study the inference of sociodemographic and personal variables with their commitment in their studies. Material and method: This is an instrumental and empirical research wherein we utilized the Spanish version of the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale-UWES-S, which evaluates the degree of individual commitment inherent in the activity performed. This survey contains 17 items under a Likert scale of 5 positions. We utilized three statistical software programs: SPSS.22, Factor.10, MPlus.7, and G*Pwer 3.1.9.2. 373 Education Undergraduate students (n=196 of Primary, n=85 of Preschool) and n=92 students under the Master Degree in Secondary Education partook in this study. Say students appertained to two Universities of north and south of Spain, and a University of Chile. After analyzing the results and the discussion, we have concluded that there are significant differences in the personal variables, both in the social demographical character and the geographical location of the Universities. In addition, the female students, and students from southern Spain and Latin America, are more committed to their studies as compared to students from the North of Spain.

Metacognición y aprendizaje autónomo en la Educación Superior / Metacognition and autonomous learning in higher Education

El estudiante universitario debe desarrollar habilidades que le permitan su auto educación; para lo cual, este requiere apropiarse de estrategias que faciliten su aprendizaje autónomo y formación del pensamiento crítico. La monografía que se presenta brinda un análisis bibliográfico con el objetivo de ofrecer una aproximación epistemológica al rol del autoaprendizaje y la metacognición en la Educación Superior.

The college student must develop skills that allow for self-education; there for, it requires the appropriation of strategies that facilitate their autonomous learning and the formation of critical thinking. The presented monograph offers a bibliographical analysis with the aim of offering an epistemological approach to the role of self-learning and metacognition in Higher Education.

[Physical activity, Mediterranean diet, maximal oxygen uptake and motivational climate towards sports in schoolchildren from the province of Granada: a structural equation model]. / Actividad física, dieta mediterránea, capacidad aeróbica y clima motivacional hacia el deporte en escolares de la provincia de Granada: un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales.

INTRODUCTION: the school stage represents a period of risk in the development of habits such as sedentary digital leisure, which favours future pathologies such as obesity. The practice of Physical Activity and the level of adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD) allows its prevention, being essential to promote motivational climates in sport that support a healthy lifestyle. MATERIAL AND METHODS: the present study was carried out in a sample of 692 schoolchildren from the province of Granada. This research aims to develop a structural equation model that allows to analyse the relationships between motivational climate, healthy habits and maximal oxygen uptake. The main instruments used were the PMCSQ-2, KIDMED, PAQ-C and CERV. RESULTS: the results show a direct relationship between the practice of PA, Task Climate and Ego Climate. PA was positively correlated with the use of videogames and maximum oxygen uptake. The problematic use of video games was positively associated with Ego Climate and negatively related to the level of adherence to the MD. Finally, Ego Climate was positively related to the level of adherence to MD. CONCLUSION: the practice of PA oriented to Task Climate promotes a lifestyle more active, which improves the maximal oxygen uptake, reduces the sedentary digital leisure and is associated to a better dietary pattern. The ego-oriented goals also is associated with the quality of the diet, revealing the need to promote a physical-sports practice that favours intrinsic and extrinsic motivations.

Introducción: la etapa escolar representa un periodo de riesgo en el desarrollo de hábitos como el ocio digital sedentario, que favorece patologías futuras como la obesidad. La práctica de actividad física (AF) y el nivel de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea (DM) permiten su prevención, por lo que es esencial promover climas motivacionales hacia el deporte que favorezcan un estilo de vida saludable.Material y métodos: el presente estudio, realizado en una muestra de 692 escolares de la provincia de Granada, tiene como objetivo desarrollar un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales que permita analizar las relaciones entre clima motivacional, hábitos físico-saludables y capacidad aeróbica máxima. Como principales instrumentos se emplean los cuestionarios PMCSQ-2, KIDMED, PAQ-C y CERV. Resultados: los resultados muestran una relación directa entre la práctica de AF y el Clima Tarea y el Clima Ego. La realización de AF correlacionó positivamente con el uso de videojuegos y con la potencia aeróbica máxima. El uso problemático de videojuegos se asoció positivamente con el Clima Ego y negativamente con el nivel de adherencia a la DM. Finalmente, el Clima Ego mostró una relación directa con el nivel de adherencia a la DM.Conclusión: la práctica de AF orientada a la tarea favorece la consecución de un estilo de vida activo, que mejora la capacidad aeróbica máxima, disminuye el ocio digital sedentario y se relaciona con una mejor dieta. Las metas orientadas al ego también favorecen la calidad de la dieta y revelan la necesidad de promover una práctica físico-deportiva que favorezca motivaciones intrínsecas y extrínsecas.

Actividad física, dieta mediterránea, capacidad aeróbica y clima motivacional hacia el deporte en escolares de la provincia de granada: un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales / Physical activity, Mediterranean diet, maximal oxygen uptake and motivational climate towards sports in schoolchildren from the province of Granada: a structural equation model

Introducción: la etapa escolar representa un periodo de riesgo en el desarrollo de hábitos como el ocio digital sedentario, que favorece patologías futuras como la obesidad. La práctica de actividad física (AF) y el nivel de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea (DM) permiten su prevención, por lo que es esencial promover climas motivacionales hacia el deporte que favorezcan un estilo de vida saludable. Material y métodos: el presente estudio, realizado en una muestra de 692 escolares de la provincia de Granada, tiene como objetivo desarrollar un modelo de ecuaciones estructurales que permita analizar las relaciones entre clima motivacional, hábitos físico-saludables y capacidad aeróbica máxima. Como principales instrumentos se emplean los cuestionarios PMCSQ-2, KIDMED, PAQ-C y CERV. Resultados: los resultados muestran una relación directa entre la práctica de AF y el Clima Tarea y el Clima Ego. La realización de AF correlacionó positivamente con el uso de videojuegos y con la potencia aeróbica máxima. El uso problemático de videojuegos se asoció positivamente con el Clima Ego y negativamente con el nivel de adherencia a la DM. Finalmente, el Clima Ego mostró una relación directa con el nivel de adherencia a la DM. Conclusión: la práctica de AF orientada a la tarea favorece la consecución de un estilo de vida activo, que mejora la capacidad aeróbica máxima, disminuye el ocio digital sedentario y se relaciona con una mejor dieta. Las metas orientadas al ego también favorecen la calidad de la dieta y revelan la necesidad de promover una práctica físico-deportiva que favorezca motivaciones intrínsecas y extrínsecas

Introduction: the school stage represents a period of risk in the development of habits such as sedentary digital leisure, which favours future pathologies such as obesity. The practice of Physical Activity and the level of adherence to the Mediterranean Diet (MD) allows its prevention, being essential to promote motivational climates in sport that support a healthy lifestyle. Material and methods: the present study was carried out in a sample of 692 schoolchildren from the province of Granada. This research aims to develop a structural equation model that allows to analyse the relationships between motivational climate, healthy habits and maximal oxygen uptake. The main instruments used were the PMCSQ-2, KIDMED, PAQ-C and CERV. Results: the results show a direct relationship between the practice of PA, Task Climate and Ego Climate. PA was positively correlated with the use of videogames and maximum oxygen uptake. The problematic use of video games was positively associated with Ego Climate and negatively related to the level of adherence to the MD. Finally, Ego Climate was positively related to the level of adherence to MD. Conclusion: the practice of PA oriented to Task Climate promotes a lifestyle more active, which improves the maximal oxygen uptake, reduces the sedentary digital leisure and is associated to a better dietary pattern. The ego-oriented goals also is associated with the quality of the diet, revealing the need to promote a physical-sports practice that favours intrinsic and extrinsic motivations

Plan de acciones dirigido a las estrategias de auto aprendizaje en estudiantes de primer semestre de Enfermería / An action plan aimed at self-learning strategies in student in the first semester of the Nursing major

Introducción: la formación profesional en las ciencias de la salud requiere del logro de competencias que propicien el aprender a aprender, para lo cual se precisa desarrollar la autonomía cognoscitiva de los estudiantes. Objetivo: evaluar la satisfacción de los estudiantes con un plan de acciones dirigido a mejorar sus estrategias de aprendizaje autónomo. Métodos: se desarrolló un estudio preexperimental donde se trabajó con toda la población, compuesta por 33 estudiantes del primer semestre de la carrera de Enfermería, de la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Ecuador, durante el período académico octubre 2015-febrero 2016. El método Delphi se utilizó para validar el cuestionario aplicado y el diseño del plan de acciones. La aplicación de la técnica de Iadov sirvió para determinar los índices de satisfacción grupal e individual de los estudiantes en relación con el plan de acciones ejecutado. Resultados: el 93,94 por ciento respondió que sí le gusta estudiar, pero la mayoría consideró no estar preparado para asumir su propio aprendizaje. Solo el 30,30 por ciento de los individuos investigados ingresó a la carrera de Enfermería guiado por la vocación. Conclusiones: se identificaron deficiencias relativas a hábitos y técnicas de auto aprendizaje relacionadas con la lectura, la planificación, los procedimientos, la profundidad de análisis de los tópicos y el trabajo grupal. El índice de satisfacción grupal quedó en la categoría satisfactorio, mientras que en el individual prevaleció la de clara satisfacción(AU)

Introduction: Professional training in health sciences requires the achievement of competences that encourage learning how to learn, for which it is necessary to develop the students' cognitive autonomy. Objectives: To assess the students' satisfaction with an action plan aimed at improving their autonomous learning strategies. Methods: A pre-experimental study was developed in which the entire population was studied, made up by 33 students of the first semester of the Nursing major from the National University of Chimborazo, Ecuador, during the academic period October 2015-February 2016. The Delphi method was used to validate the applied questionnaire and for the design of the action plan. The Iadov technique was used to determine the indexes of group and individual satisfaction of the students in relation to the executed plan of actions. Results: 93.94 percent answered that they do like to study, but the majority considered not being ready to assume their own learning. Only 30.30 percent of the investigated individuals entered the Nursing major guided by self-vocation. Conclusions: We identified deficiencies related to habits and self-learning techniques related to reading, planning, procedures, deepening into topic analysis and group work. The group's satisfaction index remained in the satisfactory category, while in the individual group the satisfaction index prevailed(AU)

Plan de acciones dirigido a las estrategias de auto aprendizaje en estudiantes de primer semestre de Enfermería / An action plan aimed at self-learning strategies in student in the first semester of the Nursing major

Introducción: la formación profesional en las ciencias de la salud requiere del logro de competencias que propicien el aprender a aprender, para lo cual se precisa desarrollar la autonomía cognoscitiva de los estudiantes. Objetivo: evaluar la satisfacción de los estudiantes con un plan de acciones dirigido a mejorar sus estrategias de aprendizaje autónomo. Métodos: se desarrolló un estudio preexperimental donde se trabajó con toda la población, compuesta por 33 estudiantes del primer semestre de la carrera de Enfermería, de la Universidad Nacional de Chimborazo, Ecuador, durante el período académico octubre 2015-febrero 2016. El método Delphi se utilizó para validar el cuestionario aplicado y el diseño del plan de acciones. La aplicación de la técnica de Iadov sirvió para determinar los índices de satisfacción grupal e individual de los estudiantes en relación con el plan de acciones ejecutado. Resultados: el 93,94 por ciento respondió que sí le gusta estudiar, pero la mayoría consideró no estar preparado para asumir su propio aprendizaje. Solo el 30,30 por ciento de los individuos investigados ingresó a la carrera de Enfermería guiado por la vocación. Conclusiones: se identificaron deficiencias relativas a hábitos y técnicas de auto aprendizaje relacionadas con la lectura, la planificación, los procedimientos, la profundidad de análisis de los tópicos y el trabajo grupal. El índice de satisfacción grupal quedó en la categoría satisfactorio, mientras que en el individual prevaleció la de clara satisfacción(AU)

Introduction: Professional training in health sciences requires the achievement of competences that encourage learning how to learn, for which it is necessary to develop the students' cognitive autonomy. Objectives: To assess the students' satisfaction with an action plan aimed at improving their autonomous learning strategies. Methods: A pre-experimental study was developed in which the entire population was studied, made up by 33 students of the first semester of the Nursing major from the National University of Chimborazo, Ecuador, during the academic period October 2015-February 2016. The Delphi method was used to validate the applied questionnaire and for the design of the action plan. The Iadov technique was used to determine the indexes of group and individual satisfaction of the students in relation to the executed plan of actions. Results: 93.94 percent answered that they do like to study, but the majority considered not being ready to assume their own learning. Only 30.30 percent of the investigated individuals entered the Nursing major guided by self-vocation. Conclusions: We identified deficiencies related to habits and self-learning techniques related to reading, planning, procedures, deepening into topic analysis and group work. The group's satisfaction index remained in the satisfactory category, while in the individual group the satisfaction index prevailed(AU)

Percepciones y comportamientos de discriminación sexual en la práctica de ejercicio físico entre los hombres y mujeres preadolescentes en el tiempo de ocio / Perceções e comportamentos de discriminação durante na prática de exercício físico entre homens e mulheres pre-adolescentes no seu tempo livre / Perceptions and behaviors of sex discrimination in the practice of physical exercise among men and women in pre-adolescents leisure time

En este trabajo se presenta un estudio empírico descriptivo sobre las percepciones y comportamientos de discriminación sexual en la práctica de ejercicio físico entre los hombres y mujeres pre-adolescentes en el tiempo de ocio durante su etapa de Educación Primaria. Se han analizado 1094 alumnos de 6º (edad media de 11.31 ± 0.48 años), pertenecientes a centros educativos de España. Para ello, se utilizó un cuestionario con 10 ítems, con una redacción lingüística diferente para chicas y chicos. Los resultados indican que existen algunas barreras por discriminación de género en la práctica de actividades físicas, juegos y deportes no organizados en su tiempo de ocio para los chicos/as analizados. Los principales resultados muestran que existen diferencias significativas entre sexos, entre otras en la variable participación en juegos, considerarse más fuertes que los de distinto sexo, o burlas por la victoria con el sexo opuesto. Como conclusión se confirma que el alumnado pre-adolescentes afirman tener percepciones y comportamientos de discriminación sexual sutil (AU)

This paper presents a descriptive empirical study on habits and customs that have the children in physical activities, games and sports not organized in leisure School periods. A sample of 1094 students of sixth grade of Primary School (11.31 ± 0.48 years), belonging to Schools in Spain. For this purpose, a questionnaire with 10 items, with a different linguistic wording for girls and boys was used. The results indicate that are some barriers for gender discrimination in the practice of physical activities, games and sports, not organized in times of leisure for children analyzed. The main results show that there are significant differences between boys and girls, including: participation in games, consider stronger than those of opposite-sex, or teasing for the victory with the opposite gender. Conclusion, it is confirmed that children of this age claim to have perceptions and behaviors of subtle sex discrimination (AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar um estudo empírico descritivo sobre perceções e comportamentos de discriminação sexual durante a realização de exercício físico entre homens e mulheres pré-adolescentes no seu tempo livre na educação primária. Foram analisados 1094 alunos de 6º ano (idade média de 11.31 ± 0.48 anos), de escolas espanholas. Para levar a cabo este estudo, os alunos responderam a um questionário com 10 ítems, onde as perguntas foram redigidas de forma diferente para homens e para mulheres. Os resultados obtidos mostravam que existiam diferenças relevantes por sexos, nomeadamente no que diz respeito à participação de jogos, ao facto de se considerar mais forte que alguém do sexo oposto ou fazer burlas no momento da vitória sobre o outro sexo. Em conclusão, confirma-se que os alunos pré-adolescentes afirmam ter perceções e comportamentos de discriminação sexual subtil (AU)

Validación de un cuestionario para la cuantificación del dolor de espalda en escolares / Validation of a questionnaire for quantification of backache in school children

Objetivo: validar un instrumento de medida fácil, rápido y fiable que permita el acceso a información cuantitativa sobre el dolor de espalda que pueda sufrir la población infantil. Métodos: estudio descriptivo cuantitativo, no experimental, de corte transversal. Participaron 153 escolares (80 niños y 73 niñas) del tercer ciclo de educación primaria y de enseñanza secundaria obligatoria, que contestaron un cuestionario sobre algias de espalda mediante una escala visual analógica. A todos los niños se les tomaron las medidas antropométricas y pesado los utensilios de transporte de material escolar. La fase de validez didáctica y de contenido fue realizada por jueces expertos y la consistencia interna del cuestionario, a de Cronbach, fue elevada (0,809). Resultados: las correlaciones entre los ítems fueron muy significativas (p< 0,001) excepto en un caso (p> 0,05). El índice de la Medida de Adecuación Muestral Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (p< 0,0001) indicó la posibilidad de realizar un análisis factorial del que pudimos obtener un factor denominado Dolor de Espalda, que explicó el 58,46 por ciento de la varianza total, por lo que resulta un instrumento unidimensional. Conclusiones: el cuestionario creado se muestra como un instrumento válido y fiable para la recogida de información cuantitativa del dolor de espalda en el ámbito del área de educación física relacionada con la salud(AU)

Objective: to validate an easy, rapid and reliable measuring instrument that allows the access to quantitative information about backache that the child population could suffer. Methods: non-experimental, cross-sectional, quantitative and descriptive study in which 153 school children (80 boys and 73 girls) from the third cycle of primary education and secondary education participated. They answered a questionnaire about backache by using a visual analogue scale. All of them were taken their anthropometric measures and their means to carry the school materials. The phase of didactic and contents validation was performed by expert judges whereas the internal consistency of the questionnaire expressed as Cronbach's Alpha was high (0.809). Results: the correlations between the items were very significant (p< 0.001), except in one case (p> 0.05). The rate of the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin's of Sampling Adequacy Measure (p< 0.0001), indicates the possibility of making a factor analysis from which we can obtain a factor called Backache, explaining 58.46 percent of the total variance, and this instrument finally was one-dimensional. Conclusions: the questionnaire proves to be a valid and reliable instrument for quantitative data collection about backache in the field of health-related physical education area(AU)

Factores de la personalidad y fisicoculturismo: Indicadores asociados de la vigorexia / Personality Factors and Bodybuilding: indicators associated to reverse anorexia / Factores de personalidade e fisioculturismo: indicadores associados à vigorexia

El presente estudio aborda diferentes aspectos de la personalidad del deportista que pueden ser determinantes para la competición o práctica deportiva, así como para la aparición de patologías relacionadas con el ejercicio físico. A ello hay que añadir la certeza de que existen modalidades deportivas que tienden a "exigir" unas características personales distintas, como es el caso del fisicoculturismo. El objetivo es presentar una aproximación al perfil de un deportista de musculación y asociar factores de la personalidad a la aparición de posibles patologías relacionadas con la práctica deportiva, como la vigorexia. La muestra la constituyeron 154 deportistas de musculación de la provincia de Jaén, los cuales nos aportaron datos a través de cuestionarios auto-aplicados de Personalidad (Neo-ffi: Costa y McCrae, 1999) y Vigorexia (Adonis: Baile, 2005). Los resultados muestran cómo estos factores se encuentran, en ocasiones, tan ligados a la preocupación por la imagen corporal que pueden llegar a convertir dicha conducta en patológica. Los aspectos reflejados en el estudio esclarecen el conocimiento sobre la cuestión tratada e invitan a trabajar en la prevención y el tratamiento de los deportistas

The present study deals with different aspects of the personality of the athlete which can be decisive for the competition or sports practice, as well as for the appearance of pathologies related to physical exercise. To this it must be added the certainty that there are sports that tend to "demand" a few different personal characteristics, as it is the case of bodybuilding. The objective is to present an approach to the profile of an athlete's musclebuilding and personality factors associated with the occurrence of possible pathologies related to sports, like reverse anorexia. The sample was constituted by 154 bodybuilding sportsmen in the province of Jaen, collecting data through auto-applied personality (Costa and McCrae, 1999) and reverse anorexia (Adonis: Baile, 2005) questionnaires. The results show how these factors can be closely linked to body image concerns, which may become pathological. Aspects reflected in the study clarify the knowledge on the studied subject and invite to work in the prevention and treatment of athletes

O presente estudo aborda diferentes aspectos da personalidade do desportista que podem ser determinantes para a competição e prática desportiva, assim como para o surgimento de patologias relacionadas com o exercício físico. Igualmente, acrescenta-se a certeza de que existem modalidades desportivas que tendem a "exigir" umas características pessoais distintas, como é o caso do fisioculturismo. O objectivo é apresentar uma abordagem ao perfil de um desportista de musculação e associar factores da personalidade ao surgimento de possíveis patologias relacionadas com a prática desportiva, como a vigorexia. A amostra foi constituída por 154 desportistas de musculação da província de Jaén, os quais completaram dois questionários: Personalidade (Neo-ffi: Costa & McCrae, 1999) e Vigorexia (Adonis: Baile, 2005). Os resultados mostram como estes factores se encontram, em certas ocasiões, tão ligados à preocupação pela imagem corporal que podem chegar a converter esse comportamento em patologia. Os aspectos reflectidos no estudo esclarecem o conhecimento sobre a questão investigada e incitam a trabalhar na prevenção e tratamento dos desportistas

Las niñas también quieren jugar: la participación conjunta de niños y niñas en actividades físicas no organizadas en el contexto escolar / As meninas também querem brincar: a participaçao conjunta de meninos e meninas em atividades físicas näo organizadas no contexto escolar / Also want girls play: participation of children in organized physical activity in the context no school

Presentamos un estudio empírico descriptivo realizado con 250 participantes de 6º de Educación Primaria (EP), 130 niñas y 120 niños de cuatro centros escolares españoles con distintas características, aplicándose una encuesta de 10 ítems para comprender las barreras que encuentran las chicas para la realización de actividad física (AF) y deporte, en su tiempo de ocio escolar. Los resultados indican que existen diferencias de género a la hora de practicar juegos y deportes, aunque se está produciendo un cambio de conducta que hace que chicos y chicas se agrupen con mayor frecuencia para la realización de AF y deportes

Apresentamos um estudo empírico descritivo realizado com 250 participantes do sexto ano da Educação Primária (EP), 130 meninas e 120 meninos de quatro centros escolares espanhóis com diferentes características, aplicando-se uma enquete de 10 itens para compreender os obstáculos que encontram as meninas na realização de atividade física (AF) e esporte no tempo de lazer escolar. Os resultados indicam que existem diferenças de gênero na hora de praticar jogos e esportes, ainda que se apresentem mudanças de conduta que fazem que meninos e meninas se agruparem com maior frequência para realizar atividades físicas e esportes

We present a descriptive empirical study carried out with 250 pupils belonging to 6th of Primary Education (EP), 130 girls and 120 boys, from four schools with different characteristics to which there is applied a survey of 10 questions with the aim of understanding the barriers that girls find when they are accomplishing physical activities (AF), during their leisure time out of school. The results show the difference of gender exists when practising games and sport, though a change of conduct is taking place, since children and girls every time share more the accomplishment of physical and sports activities. The ways of playing and playing sports, are very interrelated with socio-cultural environment

Dismorfia Muscular y su relación con síntomas de Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria / Muscle Dysmorphia and its relationship with the symptoms of Eating Disorders

Una de las patologías que despierta interés creciente en el campo de la salud es la Dismorfia Muscular (DM), es por ello que a través del presente estudio se analizará su relación con los Trastornos de la Conducta Alimentaria (TCA) en deportistas. La muestra estuvo compuesta por 154 deportistas que habitualmente realizan ejercicio de musculación, los cuales respondieron a dos test autoaplicados para medir sus niveles de síntomas de Dismorfia Muscular (Adonis Complex) así como sus puntuaciones en TCA a través del test EDI-2. Los resultados muestran relaciones estadísticamente significativas (r = .47 p <.001) entre la variable DM con numerosas dimensiones del test de TCA, hecho que ratifica la vinculación existente entre ambos trastornos. Igualmente obtuvimos a través de un análisis de regresión dimensiones de TCA que se manifestaron predictoras de la variable de estudio, explicando éstas en su globalidad un 28% de la variabilidad de la DM.

One of the diseases that arouses increasing interest in the health field is the Muscle Dysmorphia (MD), which is why through this study will analyze your relationship with eating behavior disorders (ED) in athletes. The sample consisted of 154 athletes who routinely perform bodybuilding exercise, which were subjected to two self-administered test to measure your levels of muscle Dysmorphia (Adonis Complex) and their scores on ED test through the EDI-2. The results show statistically significant relationships (r = .47 p <.001) between the variable significant muscle Dysmorphia test many of TCA dimensions, a fact that confirms the link between both disorders. Also obtained through regression analysis TCA dimensions demonstrated predictors of the study variable, explaining them as a whole 28% of the variability of muscle Dysmorphia.