HBA1C AS AN INDIRECT MARKER OF HYPERTRIGLYCERIDEMIA IN TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes is usually accompanied by dyslipidaemia, and among these triglyceride levels are related to the insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes. HbAlc which is an indicator of diabetes control can depict the severity of hypertriglyceridemia. The objective of this study was to determine the correlation between HbAlc and Triglyceride levels in type 2 Diabetes mellitus. METHODS: A sample of 150 diabetic patients fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria were selected for this cross-sectional study. Patient included were type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with HbAlc >7. Patients with history of cardiovascular disease, taking lipid lowering medications, smoker and history of cerebral stroke were excluded. HbAlc and triglyceride levels were noted .Study patients were further stratified on the basis of severity of HbAlc and Triglyceride values. The correlation between HbAlc and Triglyceride levels were established with Pearson Correlation. RESULTS: Among total number of 150 patients 44% (n=70) were male and 50.3% (n=80) were female. The correlation of HbAlc with Triglyceride as estimated by Pearson Correlation was positive (p=0.033, r=0.033) and statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: In type 2 diabetes mellitus there is a predictable relationship between Triglycerides and HbAlc.

FREQUENCY OF AUTONOMIC NEUROPATHY IN PATIENTS WITH ERECTILE DYSFUNCTION IN DIABETES MELLITUS.

BACKGROUND: Among diabetic patients autonomic neuropathy (AN) is one of the most frequent complications. This affects peripheral nervous system and thus results into erectile dysfunction (ED). The main objectives of the study were to determine the frequency of autonomic neuropathy (AN) in diabetic patients with ED and to find out the associated risk factors. METHODS: In this descriptive case series, a total 200 consecutive patients of Diabetes Mellitus with erectile dysfunction attended the Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism (DEM), Services Hospital Lahore during three months (from June to August 2013), were included. For assessing erectile dysfunction (ED) and autonomic neuropathy (AN) International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF) and Composite Autonomic Scoring System (CASS) were used respectively. Other factors impacting the autonomic functions in diabetes like duration of diabetes, age of patient, body mass index (BMI), and glycaemic control (HbAlc), hypertension and smoking status were recorded. RESULTS: Average age of the patients was 57.58±9.53 years (95% C.I. 55.54-59.63). Frequency of autonomic neuropathy (AN) in ED patients was 86 (43%). Duration of diabetes Mellitus and BMI were statistically significantly different among patients with severe, moderate and mild autonomic neuropathy. CONCLUSIONS: Autonomic neuropathy was very frequent in diabetic patients with erectile dysfunction. The associated risk factors are duration of disease and body mass index.