Motives of smoking and inborn behavioral pre-program of the personality.

Assuming a neuropsychological hypothesis of connection of smoking motives with the inborn behavioral pre-program of the personality (including structures of the basic emotions, as well as structures reading, tuning, and attending their activity), the authors formulate 14 motives of smoking and try to prove them experimental-psychologically on 150 smokers by factor analysis. The analysis differentiates four factors or types of smoking: 1) Enjoying psychopharmacological effects of nicotine, 2) Intimacy seeking, 3) Provocative, and 4) Depressive.

[Elements of a neurophysiologic model of the unconscious]. / Eléments d'un modèle neurophysiologique de l'inconscient.

The author sets forth a conception of an inborn reciprocally organized neuropsychological pre-program of the personality. In tender age it orientates the experience and the behaviour unconsciously and later its activity becomes conscious to one or another degree. Elements of this pre-program are a reciprocally organized system of the fundamental drives and emotions and adjacent structures. On the basis of this conception, the author makes a neuropsychological analyse of some para-adaptive personality reactions.

Neuropsychological analysis of some dynamic aspects of the sexual drive in men and women.

In previous works the author has proposed the conception of an affect-behavioral system as the neuropsychological basis of fundamental emotions and drives. It consists of ten subsystems (SS) integrated with relations of reciprocal induction and facilitation. The SSs are: (1) SS of flight, (2) SS of aggression, (3) SS of socially channeled attack, (4) SS of mutual aid, (5) SS of autoaggression, (6) SS of food taking, (7) SS of inhibition of food taking, (8) SS of vomiting, (9) SS of sexual contacts, and (10) SS of inhibition of sexual contacts. To the activity of the different SSs correspond fundamental emotions and drives. Thus, to the activity of the SS of flight corresponds fear; to the activity of the SS of aggression, socially uncultivated anger; to the activity of the SS of sexual contacts, sexual drive; and so forth. In the paper, appropriate observations are analyzed. They reveal that the activity of the SSs of flight and vomiting can inhibit reciprocally the sexual drive; whereas, the activity of the SSs of socially channeled attack, of mutual help, and of aggression can facilitate it. The activity of the SS of autoaggression is two-sided: According to the personality structure and the situation, it can inhibit or facilitate the sexual drive.

Reciprocal unconditional-conditional organization of the fundamental emotions and paraadaptive personality reactions.

Paraadaptive personality reactions (PPR) are modes of behavior and experience on the borderline of normal psychology and psychopathology. In them the thinking is overdetermined or obsessive. Overdetermined PPR are well illustrated in common proverbs. The people's wisdom has also knowledge of the obsessive (or "magic") paraadaptive rituals for prevention of possible misfortunes (such as touching wood, keeping away from a black cat, etc.). One part of the PPR is described in the psychoanalytical literature as defense mechanisms. The analysis of thought dissociation in schizophrenia shows that the reciprocal relations could be considered as a basic principle of functional organization on all levels of nervous and psychic activity. Proceeding from this assumption, the author proposes the conception of a reciprocal neuropsychological unconditional-conditional affect-behavioral system (ABS). It consists of ten subsystems corresponding to the basic emotions. Each subsystem stimulates the personality toward predetermined forms of thinking and behavior. In adequate conditions the reciprocal processes in the ABS are well counterweighted and integrated. In some persons and in situations of greater affective "loading" this reciprocal balance is disorganized, which leads to PPR. In this paper a neuropsychological analysis is made of the overdetermined PPR, reflected in such proverbs as "Not being able to beat the donkey, he beats the packsaddle" and "The thief cries catch the thief."

Analysis of thought dissociation in schizophrenia on the basis of Wedensky-Pavlov phasic states.

Clinical analysis shows that a fundamental element of thought dissociation in schizophrenia is semantic and sound "derailments" of the associative processes. On a pathophysiological level these derailments could be explained through the parabiotic phasic states of Wedensky-Pavlov. In particular these derailments could be explained through the distortion of reciprocal relations between verbal structures by means of Pavlov's ultraparadoxical phase, wherein the positive stimuli become negative and vice versa. The author assumes that in appropriate (adequate) circumstances one of the mechanisms by which the leading idea directs the associative process is the reciprocal inhibiting-facilitating relations between the verbal (and nonverbal) structures. In schizophrenia (which Pavlov considered as a chronic hypnotic phasic state) these inhibiting-facilitating relations are disorganized and the associative process reveals phasic disintegrative deviations. Therefore thought dissociation in schizophrenia, by the magnifying glass of the pathology, indicates that a reciprocal inhibiting-facilitating relation is a basic principle of functional organization not only on the lower levels of the nervous system, but also on its highest levels.

[Trial of pathopsychophysiological analysis of delusional ideas in manic-depressive psychosis]. / Essai d'analyse patho-psychophysiologique des idées délirantes dans la psychose maniaco-depressive.

The author tries to explain patho-psychophysiocally some aspects of delusion formation in maniac-depressive psychosis (M.D.P.). It is well known that delusional ideas are profoundly linked with affectivity. Emotions and affects exert a strong influence on thinking, inhibiting or facilitating the corresponding associative pathways. On the other hand emotions are reciprocally counter acting to each other (e.g. joy-sorrow, fear-anger, etc.). As a psychophysiological basis of the main negative and positive emotions and affects the author accepts the existence of one affective-behavioural system (A.B.S.), composed of a number of functionally conjugated subsystems. Between the subsystems exist relations of reciprocal induction: the excitation of one subsystem provokes inhibition in others and vice versa. This reciprocal induction inhibits or facilitates the corresponding associative pathways. In endogenous psychosis one observes an order in the morbid inhibition of the subsystems of A.B.S. An attempt is made to analyse the relations in M.D.P. as one aspect of delusion formation. It is pointed out that the inhibition of some subsystems of A.B.S. deprives thinking of the corresponding arguments and brings about the loss of control of the reciprocal subsystems. The morbid positive induction of these subsystems stimulates delusion formation.

[From paraphasia through speech disorders to disconnected thinking in schizophrenia]. / Von der Paraphasie, durch das Versprechen zu der Zerfahrenheit des Denkens bei der Schizophrenie.

The author considers paraphrasia to be the principle of the pathophysiology of the nervous system and the clinical manifestations of nervous and mental diseases, which he designates as a disintegrative deviation in the irradiation of nerve processes. By taking as a starting point some of the concepts of Wedensky, Jackson, Pavlov, and Uchtomsky, it would be possible to divide the disintegrative deviation into nondissolutive, dissolutive, and dominant deviations. The paper shows that it is possible to observe typical cases of disintegrative deviation at the speech level (with the necessary modifications) in connection with paraphasic forms of aphasia, the making of mistakes in speaking, and disconnectedness of though in schizophrenia (Kraepilin's derailments).

[Effect of chlorpromazine and amphetamine on incidental memory and its relation to the introvert-extravert structure of personality]. / Untersuchung der Einwirkung von Chlorpromazin und Amphetamin auf die zufällige Merkfähigkeit und ihren Zusammenhang mit dem introversen-extraversen Gefüge der Persönlichkeit.

A total of fifty-four test subjects divided into one control group and two experimental groups were used to study the effects of chlorpromazine and amphetamine upon the incidental memory, its accuracy, and possible dependence on the introversive or extroversive personality structure, respectively. It has been found that chlorpromazine tends to lessen the incidental memory in extent and increase the number of allomnesias or instances of inaccurate remembrance, whereas amphetamine has the effects of increasing the extent of the incidental memory and reducing the number of allomnesias. A comparison of the extent of the incidental memory with the structure of personality in respect of introversion or extroversion in the control group also showed significant differences, the incidental memory being of smaller extent in the case of introversion and greater extent in the case of extroversion.

[Physiological and psychological basis for verbal errors]. / O fiziologicheskoi i psikhologicheskoi osnove verbal'nykh oshibok.

The author believes that one of the main phenomena in the pathophysiology of the nervous system in the clinical picture of nervous and mental disorders is the desintegrative deviation in the motion of the nervous process. This phenomenon is known in the clinical picture of aphasia as paraphasia, described by Kraepelin in schizophrenic thinking, as "slipping off", etc. The most general pathophysiological basis of this phenomenon may be found in the parabiosis of Vvedensky. Verbal errors of normals may be considered as a model for studying desintegrative deviation inasmuch as they appear in parobiotic conditions of norm. In this light the author analyzes some verbal errors taken from self-experience. An analysis of these errors demonstrates that in order to explain the mechanism of their occurrence, the principle of pavlov's ultraparadoxical phases, the mechanism of Jackson's "release from control" and the principle of Ukhtomskýs dominant can be used. Quite frequently speech errors of a mixed typed can be encountered, i. e. in an interference of these 3 principles.

[Dissolutive and non-dissolutive elements in the phonetic disorders of aphasia patients]. / Dissolutive und nichtdissolutive Elemente in den phonetischen Störungen von Aphasie-Kranken

The authors, by proceeding on the view that only part of the pathological phenomena may be satisfactorily explained by Jackson's theory of dissolution, have made an analysis of phonetic disorders (sound exchanges) for ten patients with sensory aphasia and mixed aphasia which is a mixture of motor and sensory aphasia. The results of preliminary studies of the ontogenetic occurrence of Bulgarian sounds in the development of the child's language were taken as a base for distinguishing dissolutive from non-dissolutive sound exchanges. It has been found that 36% and 64% of the sound exchanges were dissolutive and nondissolutive, respectively.

[Our experience with lithium prophylaxis in cyclophrenia]. / Unsere Erfahrung mit der Lithium-prophylaxe bei der Cyclophrenie.

(1) It can be stated from the literature and the analysis of our cases, where 86 patients with Cyclophrenia were under lithium prevention (in 17 cases observation lasted more than 10 months), that this prevention leads to most satisfactory results--with a pronounced alleviation, limiting and shortening of the phases. (2) Since this prophylaxis was a practical cure in the great majority of cases, we have taken steps to circulate this preventative throughout our country, by means of the present network of centres for psychiatric care.