Clustering of methamphetamine users based on personality characteristics and self-efficacy in the west of Iran.

With the substantial increase in the use of stimulants, especially methamphetamine, in recent years, the present study aimed to cluster methamphetamine users based on personality traits and self-efficacy, and compare their mental health, sleep quality, and the risk of relapse in the identified clusters. This cross-sectional study was conducted through convenience sampling on 501 methamphetamine users in addiction treatment centers in Kermanshah, western Iran. The data were collected using the Schwarzer General Self-Efficacy Scale, Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire, Goldberg and Hiller General Health Questionnaire (GHQ), Zuckerman-Kuhlman Personality Questionnaire, and Stimulant Relapse Risk Scale (SRRS). A total of 501 methamphetamine users were distinguished into three clusters with frequencies of 111 (22.2%), 298 (59.5%), and 92 (18.4%) members through hierarchical cluster analysis. The participants in the first cluster were characterized by low self-efficacy, high neuroticism, sensation seeking, and aggressiveness, along with low extroversion and activity, low positive health, high negative health, low sleep quality, and high risk of drug relapse. The participants in the second cluster reported moderate levels of self-efficacy, neuroticism, sensation seeking, activity, and aggressiveness, high extroversion, and moderate levels of mental health, sleep quality, and the risk of relapse. Moreover, the participants in the third cluster reported the highest level of self-efficacy, the lowest level of neuroticism, sensation seeking, and aggressiveness, moderate extroversion and high activity, low relapse risk, high sleep quality, as well as high positive and low negative health symptoms. The third cluster was significantly different from the other two clusters in terms of the mentioned factors. The findings of this study suggest that low self-efficacy and the presence of neuroticism, sensation seeking, and high aggressiveness contribute to reduced mental health and sleep quality, as well as an increased risk of relapse in methamphetamine users.

The sensitivity of the ICD-11 trait model to the symptoms of clinical disorders in young adults.

Hierarchical psychopathology contributes to providing a broader picture of the links between emerging personality structures such as the DSM-5/ICD-11 trait models and clinical disorders. The present study aimed to predict the specific and general clinical symptoms by the less studied constructs of the ICD-11 model (negative affectivity, detachment, dissociality, disinhibition, and anankastia). Data from 642 young adults from Iran (63% female, 18-34 years) were collected by three mental symptom scales and the Personality Inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5), which was recently used to harmonize the constructs of the DSM-5 and ICD-11 trait models. Multiple linear regressions showed that the ICD-11 model significantly predicted both the specific clinical symptoms (ranging from R2 = 0.15 to 0.40) and the general factor of clinical symptoms extracted by exploratory factor analysis (R2 = 0.40, all p < 0.001). Negative affectivity was the strongest construct correlated with both the specific symptoms (ranging from ß = 0.36 to 0.69) and the general symptom factor (ß = 0.59, all p < 0.001). Because the ICD-11 trait model is a practical structure related to the clinical psychopathology in young adults, screening for maladaptive traits can help clinicians in case formulation for diagnosis and treatment.

Psychological inflexibility as a predictor associated with insomnia.

Psychological flexibility has recently attracted the attention of researchers in the field of sleep disorders; therefore, in the study, psychological flexibility was evaluated as a predictor or factor related to the presence/severity of insomnia. We included 2218 individuals selected from the randomized-control trial for behavioural therapy for insomnia and cross-sectional studies, including 1797 individuals with insomnia and 421 controls without insomnia. All participants completed the DSM-5-based insomnia diagnosis interview, Insomnia Severity Index, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, and Acceptance Action Questionnaire-II. Linear regression and multinomial logistic regression models were used. Sex, education, occupation, marital status, anxiety, depression and psychological inflexibility were possible predictors or factors associated with the severity of insomnia. Multivariate linear regression analysis demonstrated that sex (𝛽 = 0.88; t = 2.80; p = 0.005), depression (𝛽 = 0.41; t = 10.7; p < 0.001), anxiety (𝛽 = 0.58; t = 14.1; p < 0.001) and psychological inflexibility (𝛽 = 0.09; t = 5.07; p < 0.001) were predictors of insomnia. The results of the multinomial logistic regression demonstrate that, in comparison to the absence of insomnia, insomnia at all levels (mild, moderate and severe) was associated with sex, anxiety and depression. Psychological inflexibility was only associated with severe insomnia (odds ratio = 1.04). These findings are important from a public health perspective because behavioural strategies designed to treat insomnia with a focus on psychological flexibility are low-cost and may help improve sleep quality in adults with insomnia, which also influences mental health.

Associations between Sleep Disturbances, Personality Traits and Self-Regulation in a Sample of Healthy Adults.

Background: Scientific evidence and everyday experience show that sleep disturbances and self-regulation as a proxy of stress reactivity are linked. Particular personality traits such as neuroticism, internalizing and externalizing problems are also associated with sleep disturbances. Here, we combined self-regulation and personality traits and associated these variables with subjective sleep disturbances. Methods: A total of 846 adults (mean age: 33.7 years; 78.7% females) completed questionnaires covering sleep disturbances, self-regulation and personality traits. Results: Higher scores for sleep disturbances were associated with higher scores for externalization, internalization, and instability and with lower scores for stability (all trait variables) and with poorer self-regulation (state variable). The regression model showed that higher scores for externalization and internalization (traits), and lower scores for self-regulation (state) predicted higher scores for sleep disturbance. Next, self-regulation had both a direct effect on sleep disturbance, and an indirect effect via personality traits. Conclusions: Sleep disturbances were related to both state (i.e., self-regulation) and trait (e.g., internalization and instability) dimensions. The current data analysis leapfrogs the state-trait dichotomy discussion and reconciles the state-and-trait approach in the prediction of poor sleep, though self-regulation appeared to have both direct and indirect effects on sleep disturbances.

Clinical cut scores for the Persian version of the personality inventory for DSM-5.

BACKGROUND: The cut points of psychological tools to diagnose clinical conditions are not universal and depend on the region and prevalence of the disorder. Thus, we aimed to identify the cutoff points of the Persian original version of the personality inventory for DSM-5 (PID-5; 220 items) that would optimally distinguish nonclinical from clinical groups. METHODS: Both nonclinical (N = 634, 73% female, 34.0 ± 10.8 years) and clinical (N = 454, 29% female, 29.5 ± 7.4 years) samples from the West of Iran participated in the study. Data were analyzed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) and Youden's index was used to determine the cutoff scores across the PID-5 domains and facets. The means and standard deviations of both the clinical male and female were compared with the nonclinical group using Cohen's d and independent t-tests. RESULTS: All the PID-5 algorithms and facets significantly distinguished clinical from nonclinical samples with some unique findings for male and female samples. The mean score of all the PID-5 algorithms and facets in the clinical male and female samples were respectively 1.0-2.0 SD and 0.5-1.0 SD above the mean for the nonclinical counterparts. A score higher than 1.5 on ranging from 0 to 3 in each domain or facet indicated clinical status. CONCLUSION: Raw cutting scores throughout the PID-5 algorithms can be well used to diagnose any pathology of personality and the severity of the disorder in clinical patients. The cut scores provide a useful tool for the clinical use of the original version of PID-5 in Iran.

Effects of Knowledge of Near-Death Experiences (NDEs) on Life Changes in People without NDEs.

Background and Objective: Near-death experiences (NDEs) greatly change the lives of Near-death experiencers (NDErs); however, the influence of the knowledge of these experiences on other people is unclear. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effects of knowledge of NDEs on various aspects of life and the sleep quality of those without NDEs. Methods: The research population consisted of people aged 12-60 years living in a number of different cities in Iran during 2021. A total of 766 out of 800 individuals who met the inclusion criteria completed the self-report questionnaires. Also, 466 respondents (60.8%) were women. Results: The findings of the study indicated that 57.6%, 58.1%, 72.1%, 79.6%, and 70.9% of the respondents acquired knowledge about NDEs through reading books and articles, watching movies and clips, using social media and networks, listening to lectures, and chatting with friends, respectively. Data analysis showed that 40% of the respondents reported a drastic change in their views or feelings and 57% experienced positive effects in their lives after learning about NDEs. Overall, the data in this study confirmed that most individuals were profoundly affected after exposure to NDEs. Conclusion: Knowledge of NDEs improves the quality of life, mental health, sleep quality, and the understanding of the life and death of most individuals without NDEs. Although there are some changes that are not necessarily positive and in some cases changes have been associated with negative consequences, later in this paper, the relevant associations and cautions are discussed.

Investigation of spatial pattern of apnea disorder using geographic information system (GIS)-case study of Kermanshah metropolis.

Background: Apnea disorder is influenced by social and environmental factors. By assessing its hot spots and geography, the foci of this disorder and its at-risk groups can be identified for health interventions. This study was conducted to investigate the spatial pattern of apnea disorder using GIS in the Kermanshah metropolis. Methods: In cross-sectional study was conducted in kermanshah, the statistical population were 119 people (73.95% male and 26.05% female) of Kermanshah residents, which referred to the sleep center from 2012 to 2018 due to apnea disorder. Information was collected from the records of patients referred to the Sleep Disorder Center of Farabi Hospital, which is the only service center in the west part of Iran. The statistical tests were the mean center, standard distance, Getis-Ord Gi * index, nearest neighbor index, and kernel density estimation test in GIS software. Results: The spatial pattern of patients with apnea disorder has cluster formation in the Kermanshah metropolis. The age group of 50-54 had more apnea disorder than other age groups. In this age group, women were more prone to apnea than men. In terms of education, people with high education are more affected by this disorder; So that with the increase in education level, apnea disorder had also increased. Also, the findings showed that the disorder was more common in unemployed, married, overweight people with BMI (25-30), and obese people (30-40). Conclusion: The spatial pattern of patients with apnea disorder was clustered and does not correspond to the high population density centers located in the marginal and slum areas of the city. These can be used by stakeholders, including governmental organizations and health authorities at the national-regional level.

Physical Activity Patterns, Circadian Rhythms, and Aggressive and Suicidal Behavior among a Larger Sample of the General Population Aged 15 to 34 Years.

BACKGROUND: From a psychological perspective, aggressive behavior, non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior could be considered dysfunctional coping strategies. Poor sleep patterns may further increase such dysfunctional coping. In contrast, regular physical activity may have the power to counteract such dysfunctional coping. Given this background, the aim of the present study was to combine categories of circadian rhythms as a proxy of normative sleep patterns and categories of physical activity patterns, and to associate these categories with aggressive behavior, non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior among a larger sample of adolescents and young adults, aged 15 to 34 years. METHOD: A total of 2991 (55.6% females) individuals aged 15 to 34 years of the so-called Ravansar non-communicable disease cohort study (RaNCD) took part in this study. Participants completed self-rating questionnaires covering circadian-related sleep patterns, regular physical activity, socio-demographic information and dimensions of aggression, non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior. RESULTS: In a first step, both sleep patterns (circadian rhythm disorder: yes vs. no) and physical activity patterns (high vs. low) were dichotomized. Next, participants were assigned to one of four prototypical clusters: No circadian sleep disorders and high physical activity ("Hi-Sleep-Hi-PA"); no circadian sleep disorders and low physical activity ("Hi-Sleep-Lo-PA"); circadian sleep disorders and high physical activity ("Lo-Sleep-Hi-PA"); circadian sleep disorders and low physical activity ("Lo-Sleep-Lo-PA"). Projecting these four clusters on dimensions of aggressive behavior, non-suicidal self-injury and suicidal behavior, the following findings were observed: Participants of the "Hi-Sleep-Hi-PA" reported the lowest scores for aggressive behavior, self-injury and suicidal behavior, compared to participants of the "Lo-Sleep-Lo-PA" cluster. No differences for aggressive behavior, self-injury and suicidal behavior were observed among participants of the "Hi-Sleep-Lo-PA" and the "Lo-Sleep-Hi-PA" clusters. CONCLUSIONS: It appeared that the combination of favorable circadian sleep patterns and high physical activity patterns was associated with lower aggressive behavior, lower self-injury and suicidal behavior as proxies of favorable psychological functioning. In contrast, persons reporting high circadian sleep disorders and low physical activity patterns appeared to demand particular attention and counseling for both their lifestyle issues (sleep and physical activity) and their dysfunctional coping strategies.

Sleep hygiene and sleep quality in Iranian adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic.

OBJECTIVES: Sleep is one of the issues that attracted the attention of researchers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Researchers focused their studies on the prevalence of sleep disorders, sleep quality, and sleep duration. Sleep hygiene is a set of guidelines that play an important role in the sleep quality, the present study sought to evaluate the amount of sleep hygiene and sleep quality in Iranian adolescents and their relationship during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: The present study was conducted using a cross-sectional design. The research population consisted of all adolescents living in Kermanshah (western Iran) in 2021. The participants were a sample of 610 adolescents. They completed the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Inventory and Adolescent Sleep Hygiene Scale. RESULTS: The mean sleep quality score for the participants was 7.14 ± 2.47, indicating the high frequency of sleep problems affecting the participants. There were significant correlations between all components of sleep hygiene and sleep quality. There was also a significant correlation (r = - 0.46 between sleep hygiene and sleep quality (p < 0.001). No significant difference was observed in sleep hygiene and sleep quality between the male and female adolescents. The results showed that sleep hygiene subscales can predict sleep quality (R = 0.53, F = 39.20, p < .01). CONCLUSIONS: The data in this study confirmed the poor observance of sleep hygiene in adolescents during the COVID-19 pandemic and reported frequent sleep problems among the participants. The results also indicated a moderate relationship between sleep hygiene and sleep quality in adolescents. Thus, sleep hygiene components can be related to sleep quality.

Co-occurrence of Aggression and Suicide Attempt Among Young People and Related Factors: Findings from Iranian Youth Cohort Study in Ravansar.

BACKGROUND: Aggression and suicide attempt are behaviors that affect public health. To better understand the nature of these behaviors, the present study was conducted to investigate the concurrence of suicide attempt and aggression in young people. This study sought to identify those factors which contribute to the co-occurrence of suicide attempt and aggression in young people. METHODS: The present study was part of the recruitment phase of Ravansar youth cohort study (a branch of the PERSIAN Cohort) with a sample of 2991 people from Ravansar in western Iran. Registration and data collection were done between October 2014 and January 2017. Data were collected using structured interviews and standard questionnaires, and analyzed using multi-nominal logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: The results showed that the variables of age and education were significant correlates of concurrence of suicide attempt and aggression. Also, among the mental disorders, only major depressive disorder (MDD) (OR=8.34, P=0.001) predicted the concurrence of suicide attempt and aggression in the past 12 month. In contrast, the variables of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), dysthymia, and substance use disorder were not significant in predicting the concurrence of attempted suicide and aggression. CONCLUSION: The occurrence of aggression and suicide in young people is a complex phenomenon, and more research should be done to better understand this phenomenon.

Controlling risky behavior associated with AIDS: the role of social support, family functioning, self-efficacy and AIDS risk perception.

OBJECTIVES: We believe that major steps can be taken towards Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) prevention through identifying the relevant factors that are apt to predict risky behavior. The main purpose of the present study was to analyze and evaluate the relationship of social support, family functioning, self-efficacy and AIDS risk perception to controlling risky behavior associated with AIDS. METHODS: To conduct this cross-sectional study, 765 subjects (59% female) were selected from the youth inhabiting the western provinces of Iran through cluster sampling. Five questionnaires were used: AIDS risk perception, self-efficacy in controlling risky behavior associated with AIDS, controlling risky behavior associated with AIDS, the multidimensional scale of perceived social support, and the family assessment device. RESULTS: The results demonstrated that all two models enjoyed acceptable fitness, and the mediating roles of self-efficacy and AIDS risk perception were confirmed. Moreover, family functioning and perceived social support together could predict 20% of the variance of controlling risky behavior associated with AIDS. The results also indicated that family functioning with a standardized coefficient of - 0.24 and self-efficacy in controlling risky behavior associated with AIDS with a standardized coefficient of 0.58 could predict the controlling risky behavior associated with AIDS (p < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that self-efficacy and AIDS risk perception play major roles in controlling risky behavior associated with AIDS. Therefore, it is recommended that families and psychologists promote self-efficacy in order to prevent the occurrence of high-risk behaviors.

Sleep Problems, Social Anxiety and Stuttering Severity in Adults Who Do and Adults Who Do Not Stutter.

Background: While there is sufficient evidence that children and adolescents who stutter reported more impaired sleep compared to children and adolescents who did not stutter, findings among adults who stutter (AWS) were scarce. Furthermore, stuttering is associated with issues related to verbal communication in a social context. As such, it was conceivable that AWS reported higher scores for social anxiety, compared to adults who do not stutter (AWNS). In the present study, we tested whether AWS reported higher sleep complaints compared to AWNS. We further tested whether scores for social anxiety and stuttering independently predicted sleep disturbances. Methods: A total of 110 AWS (mean age; 28.25 years, 27.30% females) and 162 AWNS (mean age; 29.40 years, 51.20% females) completed a series of self-rating questionnaires covering sociodemographic information, sleep disturbances and social anxiety. Adults with stuttering further completed a questionnaire on stuttering. Results: Compared to AWNS, AWS reported a shorter sleep duration, a lower sleep efficiency, higher scores for drug use in terms of sleep-promoting medications (significant p-values and medium effect sizes), and an overall higher PSQI score (significant p-values and large effect size), when controlling for age and social anxiety. Next, while p-values were always significant for subjective sleep quality, sleep disturbances, and daytime functioning, when controlling for age and social anxiety, their effect sizes were trivial or small. For sleep latency, the p-value was not significant and the effect size was trivial. Among AWS, higher scores for stuttering and older age, but not social anxiety, predicted higher sleep disturbances. The association between higher sleep disturbances and higher stuttering severity was greatest among those AWS with highest scores for social anxiety. Conclusions: When compared to AWNS, AWS self-reported higher sleep disturbances, which were associated with older age, and higher scores for stuttering severity, but not with social anxiety. Adults who stutter might be routinely asked for their sleep quality.

When Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Predicts Non-Suicidal Self-Injury and Poor Sleep-Results from a Larger Cross-Sectional and Quasi-Longitudinal Study.

Poor sleep is associated with a higher risk of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) as a proxy of unfavorable emotion regulation. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that past non-suicidal self-injury was associated with current non-suicidal self-injury and with current subjective sleep patterns. To this end, a larger sample of young adults were assessed. A total of 2374 adults (mean age: 27.58 years; 39.6% females) completed a series of self-rating questionnaires covering sociodemographic information, past and current NSSIs, suicide attempts, and current sleep patterns, including experiencing nightmares. Past NSSIs predicted current NSSIs. Current sleep patterns had a modest impact on the association between past and current NSSIs. Compared to male participants, female participants did not report more sleep complaints or more current NSSIs, but more past NSSIs. Past NSSIs predicted the occurrences of nightmares and suicide attempts. The best predictor of current NSSI was the remembered past NSSI, while current poor sleep was only modestly associated with current NSSI. Further indicators of current NSSI and poor sleep were suicide attempts and nightmares within the last six months. Overall, it appears that poor emotion regulation should be considered as underlying factor to trigger and maintain non-suicidal self-injury-related behavior and poor sleep. Further, unlike previous studies, which focused on the possible influence of sleep patterns on NSSIs, the aim of the present study paradigm was to investigate NSSIs on sleep patterns.

Cluster analysis of risky behaviors among the youth in Western Iran: Determining correlates and comparing clusters based on severity of disability and attitude toward mental health help-seeking.

BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The objectives of the study were (i) cluster analysis of risky behaviors; (ii) determining correlates; and (iii) comparing clusters with regard to the attitude toward mental health help seeking. METHODS: The current cross-sectional study is a part of the first phase of the Persian Youth Cohort. From October 2014 to January 2017, 2990 individuals from Ravansar City in western Iran completed structured interviews and national and international standard questionnaires. The obtained data were analyzed using two-stage cluster analysis, multinomial logistic regression analysis, and Chi-square test. RESULTS: This model provided three distinct clusters: (i) low-risk group with mild distress, (ii) high-risk group with high distress, and (iii) violent group with medium distress. Some sociodemographic and lifetime psychiatric disorders were the correlates of unhealthy clusters (P < 0.05). Compared to the reference cluster, a higher number of members in unhealthy clusters were suffering from medium to severe disability. Nevertheless, the participants in these clusters were less inclined to mental health help seeking. CONCLUSIONS: More than half of the youth were suffering from suicidal and violent behaviors. Since high-risk participants are less inclined to mental health help seeking, the health policymakers can successfully utilize the results in planning general health programs.

Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT) Improves Sleep Quality, Experiential Avoidance, and Emotion Regulation in Individuals with Insomnia-Results from a Randomized Interventional Study.

Insomnia is a common problem in the general population. To treat insomnia, medication therapies and insomnia-related cognitive-behavioral interventions are often applied. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on sleep quality, dysfunctional sleep beliefs and attitudes, experiential avoidance, and acceptance of sleep problems in individuals with insomnia, compared to a control condition. A total of 35 participants with diagnosed insomnia (mean age: 41.46 years old; 62.9% females) were randomly assigned to the ACT intervention (weekly group therapy for 60-70 min) or to the active control condition (weekly group meetings for 60-70 min without interventional and psychotherapeutic character). At baseline and after eight weeks (end of the study), and again 12 weeks later at follow-up, participants completed self-rating questionnaires on sleep quality, dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes about sleep, emotion regulation, and experiential avoidance. Furthermore, participants in the intervention condition kept a weekly sleep log for eight consecutive weeks (micro-analysis). Every morning, participants completed the daily sleep log, which consisted of items regarding subjective sleep duration, sleep quality, and the feeling of being restored. Sleep quality, dysfunctional beliefs and attitudes towards sleep, emotion regulation, and experiential avoidance improved over time, but only in the ACT condition compared to the control condition. Improvements remained stable until follow-up. Improvements in experiential avoidance were related to a favorable change in sleep and cognitive-emotional processing. Micro-analyses showed that improvements occurred within the first three weeks of treatment. The pattern of results suggests that ACT appeared to have improved experiential avoidance, which in turn improved both sleep quality and sleep-related cognitive-emotional processes at longer-term in adults with insomnia.

Relationship between Sleep Problems and Self-Injury: A Systematic Review.

Objective/Background: Previous studies suggested that sleep problems were related to non-suicidal self-injury. The current systematic review investigated more thoroughly this relationship.Methods: PubMED and Embase databases were searched. The keywords were "self-injury" OR "self-harm" OR "non-suicidal self-injury" OR "self-injurious behavior" OR "self-destructive behavior" OR "self-mutilation" AND "sleep problem" OR "sleep disturbance" OR insomnia OR nightmare OR "poor sleep quality" or "sleep disorders." A total of 16 studies were included in the present review.Results: The pattern of results indicated that sleep problems such as short sleep duration, sleep disturbances, and poor sleep quality were associated with non-suicidal self-injury. Additionally, emotional dysregulation, depression, and post-traumatic stress disorder appeared to mediate this relationship. Above all adolescents and young adults with sleep disruptions were at higher risk of non-suicidal self-injury.Conclusions:g Interventions to improve sleep quality and sleep duration might concomitantly decrease the risk of non-suicidal self-injury.

The relationship between family function and personality traits with general self-efficacy (parallel samples studies).

BACKGROUND: General Self-efficacy is a key variable in clinical, educational, social, developmental, health and personality psychology that can affect the outcomes of people's lives. The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between family functions and personality traits with general self-efficacy among university students and the general population. METHODS: To conduct this two-part study, the first part was carried out on a sample of 500 students, and in the second part the study was repeated on a larger sample consisting of 1000 participants from the general population data were collected from the General Self-Efficacy Scale (GSE), Family Assessment Device (FAD), and the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO PI-R). The analysis was performed using Pearson's correlation coefficient, Fisher's z test and regression analysis. RESULTS: The results of the present study revealed that all the subscales of family functions and all personality traits are significantly related to general self-efficacy among university students and general population (p < 0.001). But in the general population, there was no significant correlation between openness to experience with general self-efficacy) (p > 0.05). Furthermore, the results of regression analysis showed subscales of family functions and all personality traits together can predict 27 and 35% of the variance in general self-efficacy among university students and the general population, respectively. CONCLUSION: Personality traits play a role in predicting general self-efficacy, but the personality trait of conscientiousness plays a greater role than other personality traits and also compared to family functioning, personality traits play a greater role in predicting general self-efficacy.

The Comparison of Emotional Dysregulation and Experiential Avoidance in Patients with Insomnia and Non-Clinical Population.

Introduction: Given the harmful effects of insomnia and the need for a better understanding of the disorder as well as providing proper care, the present study aimed to compare the emotional dysregulation and experiential avoidance in patients with insomnia and non-clinical individuals. Methods: To conduct the present cross-sectional study, two sample groups were selected randomly. The first group consisted of 100 patients with insomnia who visited the Sleep Disorders Research Center at Farabi hospital in Kermanshah, Iran. The second group consisted of 100 administrative staff of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (KUMS) without sleep problems. For data collection, three questionnaires were used: Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS), Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), and Experiential Avoidance Questionnaire (EAQ). The data were analyzed through the analysis of variance, using the SPSS version 13 Results: The total mean score of difficulties in emotion regulation in patients with insomnia and non-clinical people measured 101.18 (45.60) and 86.77 (21.88), respectively, and the mean scores of experiential avoidance measured 37.53 (12.33) and 28.74 (21.88) in patients with insomnia and non-clinical people, respectively. The results of the present study revealed that there was a significant difference between the two groups in terms of emotional dysregulation and experiential avoidance. Conclusion: According to the current results, it is suggested that therapists consider the role of emotional dysregulation and experiential avoidance in the treatment and care of chronic insomnia. To solve these problems, it is recommended third-wave therapies be used, especially acceptance and commitment therapy.

Risk Factors and Psychosocial Correlates of Emotionally Negative Dreams in Patients Referred to a Cardiac Rehabilitation Centre.

INTRODUCTION: Dream, as a kind of mental activity, includes various functions such as mood regulation, adjustment and integration of new information with the available memory system. The study was done for assessing the relationship between physiological and psychological components of cardiac diseases with emotionally negative dreams in cardiac rehabilitation. METHODS: At the baseline of this cross-sectional study, 156 patients from Western Iran participated during April-November 2016. People 20 years-80 years able to recall the emotional content of dreams after cardiac surgery entered the study. The Beck depression inventory (BDI), Beck anxiety inventory (BAI), Buss and Perry's aggression questionnaire (BPAQ) and Schredl's dream emotions manual were used for collecting data. A binary logistic regression analysis used for the study of the relationship between risk factors and emotionally negative dreams. RESULTS: The mean age of participants was 59 (SD = 9) years (men: 64.1%). The results showed that 25% of patients have negative emotional content. After adjustment for demographic variables, the results showed that increased anxiety [adjusted odds ratio (adj OR) = 1.08 [1.01-1.16], P = 0.020] and anger (adj OR = 1.03 [1.00-1.06], P = 0.024) and hypertension (adj OR = 2.71 [1.10-6.68], P = 0.030) can predict the dreams with negative content significantly. CONCLUSION: The increasing rates of anxiety and anger and history of hypertension are related to increasing dreams with the negative emotional load. The control of risk factors of dreams with negative emotional load can be the target of future interventions.