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INTRODUCTION: Artificial intelligence (AI) is constantly developing in several medical areas and has become useful to assist with treatment planning. Orthodontics and maxillofacial surgery use AI-based technology to identify and select cephalometric points for diagnostics. Although some studies have shown promising results from the use of AI, the evidence is still limited. Hence, additional investigation is justified. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective study, 2 human operators (1 expert and 1 inexperienced) and 1 software analyzed 30 lateral cephalograms of individuals with orthodontic treatment indications. They measured 10 cephalometric variables and then 2 weeks later, repeated measurements on 30% of the sample. We evaluated the reliability of the measurements between the 2-time points and the differences in the means between the expert operator and the AI software and between the expert and inexperienced operators. RESULTS: There was high reliability for the expert operator and AI measurements, and moderate reliability for the inexperienced operator measurements. There were some significant differences in the means produced by the AI software and the inexperienced operator compared with the expert operator. CONCLUSION: Although AI is useful for cephalometric analysis, it should be used with caution because there are differences compared with analysis by humans.
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Inteligência Artificial , Cefalometria , Competência Clínica , Software , Humanos , Cefalometria/métodos , Estudos Retrospectivos , Reprodutibilidade dos Testes , Feminino , Masculino , AdolescenteRESUMO
RESUMEN Las tecnologías ecológicas (ecotecnias) han sido un instrumento para afrontar los retos multidimensionales de las viviendas que no son capaces de satisfacer una línea básica de bienestar. Sin embargo, en la revisión de la literatura, se encuentran indicios que muestran el rechazo y la generación de externalidades negativas, cuando la tecnología no se adopta socialmente, lo que exhibe la ineficiencia en el ejercicio del recurso público y acentúa la problemática social de la vivienda vulnerable. El objetivo del trabajo fue construir un Índice de Transferencia Ecotecnológica (ITE), que determine la pertinencia sociotécnica en las poblaciones objetivo de los programas sociales, mediante un algoritmo cuantitativo, diseñado a partir de los factores de adopción-resistencia, identificados en los municipios de Apaseo el Alto, Comonfort, Pénjamo, San Felipe y Tierra Blanca en Guanajuato, México. Se sistematizó la descripción densa recolectada en las viviendas beneficiadas por los programas "Impulso", de la Secretaría de Desarrollo Social y Humano, de 2013 a 2015. Se encontró que los programas sociales no ejecutan un proceso de transferencia que asegure la adopción social de la tecnología, y se infirió que la viabilidad ecotecnológica está correlacionada con las características del territorio donde ocurre la transferencia. El principal logro fue identificar los factores externos e internos que inciden en la adopción social de las ecotecnias como insumos del ITE, ya que este índice se propone como un instrumento de valoración ecotecnológica. El ITE demostró la pertinencia sociotécnica en las poblaciones objetivo. Se concluye que este índice sí podría ser un insumo adicional para los tomadores de decisiones de política social en Guanajuato que, al valorar la viabilidad de las ecotecnias en regiones vulnerables, podría incrementar la efectividad de los programas y mejorar la vivienda.
ABSTRACT The ecological technologies (ecotechnologies) have been a tool to solve the multidimensional challenges of housing that are not able to satisfy a basic line of welfare; however, a literature review suggests their social rejection and the generation of negative externalities when technology is not adopted socially. This makes evident the inefficiency in the application of public resources and it provokes more social problems in disadvantaged dwelling. The aim of this paper was to build an Ecotechnological Transfer Index (ETI) that measures the sociotechnical pertinence of ecotechnology in target populations of social programs, through a quantitative algorithm designed from the adoptionresistance factors identified in the municipalities of Apaseo el Alto, Comonfort, Pénjamo, San Felipe and Tierra Blanca in Guanajuato, Mexico. The dense description collected in homes benefited by "Impulso" programs of the Secretary of Social and Human Development from 2013 to 2015 was systematized. It was found that social programs do not execute a process that ensures the social adoption of this technology, and it was inferred that the viability correlates with the characteristics of the territory where technology transfer occurs. The main achievement was the identification of external and internal factors that affect the social adoption of ecotechnologies as inputs of the ETI, as, this index is proposed to be an extra assessment tool for ecotechnologies. The ETI showed the sociotechnical pertinence in the target populations. It is concluded that this index can be an additional input for social policy makers in Guanajuato because it assesses the viability of ecotechnologies to increase the efficiency of public resources and to improve the disavantaged dwelling.
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Introducción: En Venezuela hay reportes de Klebsiella pneumoniae con carbapenemasa tipo KPC. Sin embargo, desde su primer reporte en el 2008, son muy escasos los estudios de epidemiología molecular que se han realizado en estos aislados. Métodos: Los objetivos de esta investigación fueron detectar la producción de betalactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE) (blaTEM y grupo blaCTX-M-1) y determinar la relación genética de 30 aislados pertenecientes a brotes importantes de K. pneumoniae productores de carbapenemasa tipo KPC derivados por once centros sanitarios de diferentes estados de Venezuela entre enero de 2008 y diciembre de 2012 mediante electroforesis en campo pulsante (ECP). Resultados: Todos los aislados fueron identificados como K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae. Los aislados mostraron el mayor porcentaje de resistencia al ertapenem, un 97%. En todos los aislados se detectó el gen tipo KPC. El 73% presentó BLEE (en el 68% se detectó blaTEM y en el 27% blaTEM, CTX-M-1). En la ECP se detectaron 11 agrupaciones. Conclusión: Durante los años 2008-2012 se demostró que existe una gran diversidad genética en los aislados en estudio. Se determinó que algunos aislados circularon en los 11 centros sanitarios. Los resultados de esta investigación plantean la necesidad de fortalecer la vigilancia epidemiológica y el desarrollo de actividades para prevenir y controlar este tipo de microorganismo
Introduction: In Venezuela, there have been some reports of carbapenemase KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Nevertheless, since the first report in 2008, only a few studies have been done on their molecular epidemiology in this country. Methods: The aims of this study were to detect extended-spectrum betalactamase (ESBL)-producing (blaTEM and blaCTM-M-1) and to determine the genetic relationship between 30 isolates of carbapenemase KPC-producing K. pneumoniae taken from patients at eleven health centers in different states of Venezuela from January 2008 to December 2012, using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Results: All isolates were identified as K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae. Isolates showed the highest resistance to the ertapenem, 97%. The KPC gene was detected in all studied strains. Seventy three percent showed ESBL, having the blaTEM in 68% and blaTEM, CTX-M-1 in 27% of the strains. Eleven groups were found using the field-pulsed gel electrophoresis. Conclusion: High genetic diversity was found during 2008-2012 in K. pneumoniae isolated at different states in Venezuela, some of them circulating at eleven health centers. Results showed the importance of performing epidemiologic studies and the need to develop some activities to control this type of microorganisms
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Humanos , Proteínas de Bactérias/análise , Genes Bacterianos , Infecções por Klebsiella/microbiologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , Resistência beta-Lactâmica/genética , beta-Lactamases/análise , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Geografia Médica , Infecções por Klebsiella/epidemiologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzimologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , VenezuelaRESUMO
INTRODUCTION: In Venezuela, there have been some reports of carbapenemase KPC-producing Klebsiella pneumoniae. Nevertheless, since the first report in 2008, only a few studies have been done on their molecular epidemiology in this country. METHODS: The aims of this study were to detect extended-spectrum betalactamase (ESBL)-producing (blaTEM and blaCTM-M-1) and to determine the genetic relationship between 30 isolates of carbapenemase KPC-producing K. pneumoniae taken from patients at eleven health centers in different states of Venezuela from January 2008 to December 2012, using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). RESULTS: All isolates were identified as K. pneumoniae subsp. pneumoniae. Isolates showed the highest resistance to the ertapenem, 97%. The KPC gene was detected in all studied strains. Seventy three percent showed ESBL, having the blaTEM in 68% and blaTEM, CTX-M-1 in 27% of the strains. Eleven groups were found using the field-pulsed gel electrophoresis. CONCLUSION: High genetic diversity was found during 2008-2012 in K. pneumoniae isolated at different states in Venezuela, some of them circulating at eleven health centers. Results showed the importance of performing epidemiologic studies and the need to develop some activities to control this type of microorganisms.
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Proteínas de Bactérias/análise , Genes Bacterianos , Infecções por Klebsiella/microbiologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genética , Resistência beta-Lactâmica/genética , beta-Lactamases/análise , Proteínas de Bactérias/genética , Farmacorresistência Bacteriana Múltipla/genética , Eletroforese em Gel de Campo Pulsado , Variação Genética , Genótipo , Geografia Médica , Humanos , Infecções por Klebsiella/epidemiologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzimologia , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolamento & purificação , Testes de Sensibilidade Microbiana , Epidemiologia Molecular , Venezuela , beta-Lactamases/genéticaRESUMO
Cada vez es más frecuente detectar aislados nosocomiales de Acinetobacter baumannii resistentes a carbapenémicos. En esta investigación se realizó la detección de carbapenemasas tipo OXA en 60 aislados de A. baumannii de diferentes centros de salud de Caracas. La identificación se realizó de manera convencional y por PCR, mediante la detección de blaOXA-51-like como marcador de especie de A. baumannii. El perfil de susceptibilidad se realizó por el método de Kirby Bauer según las normas de CLSI 2009; la actividad enzimática contra los carbapenémicos se evaluó mediante pruebas microbiológicas; a través de PCR se realizó la detección molecular de blaOXA-23-like y blaOXA-58-like. En el 96,6% de los aislados se detectaron los genes que codifican para las carbapenemasas tipo OXA; de éstos, 93,4% presentó blaOXA-23-like y 6,6% blaOXA-58-like. En el 3,3% de los aislados positivos se encontró la coexistencia de blaOXA-23-like y blaOXA-58-like. La detección de blaOXA-23-like en la mayoría de los aislados resistentes a carbapenémicos permite considerarla como un factor determinante en la resistencia a estos antimicrobianos; consecuentemente en A. baumannii se pueden detectar más de un gen que codifica para carbapenemasas tipo OXA, los que presenta de forma intrínseca (blaOXA-51) y los adquiridos (blaOXA-23 y blaOXA-58).
It has become increasingly frequent to detect nosocomial carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. In this study we detected OXA type carbapenemases in 60 A. baumannii isolates from different health centers in Caracas. The identification was done in a conventional fashion and by PCR through detection of blaOXA-51-like as a A. baumannii species marker. The susceptibility profile was done with the Kirby Bauer method according to CLSI 2009 guidelines; enzymatic activity against carbapenems was evaluated through microbiological tests; molecular detection of blaOXA-23-like and blaOXA-58-like was done by PCR. Genes that codify for OXA type carbapenemases were detected in 96.6% of the isolates; of these, 93.4% showed blaOXA-23-like and 6.6% blaOXA-58-like. In 3.3% of the positive isolates coexistence of blaOXA-23-like and blaOXA-58-like was detected. Detection of blaOXA-23-like in most of the carbapenem resistant isolates indicates that it is a determining factor in the resistance of these antimicrobials; consequently, more than one gene codifying for OXA type carbapenemases can be detected in A. baumannii, the one presented intrinsically (blaOXA-51), and those which are acquired (blaOXA-23 and blaOXA-58).
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El propósito de este estudio es entregar información sobre la situación de la fasciolosis en los equinos fina sangre de carrera del Club Hípico Concepción (Región del Bio-Bio, Chile). Se tomaron muestras de 269 equinos (92 hembras y 177 machos), con un rango de edad entre 2 y 11 años. En cada uno de los animales, se obtuvo una muestra de heces, la que fue analizada mediante examen de sedimentación para detectar la presencia de huevos de Fasciola hepática. De los 269 equinos examinados, se detectaron 28 (10,41 por ciento) positivos aF hepática. Se encontraron sólo diferencias de infección por edad, siendo los menores los que presentaron mayores prevalencias (p < 0,05).
The purpose of this study was to add information about current situation of the Thoroughbred racehorses fasciolosis in Chile. The study was made between January and February 2006. Fecal samples were taken from 269 horses (92 females and 177 males), whose age ranges from 2 and 11 years. And they were analyzed by means of sedimentation examination in order to find the presence of Fasciola hepßtica eggs. The coproparasitologic study was complement with a survey to the horse trainer. For the analysis of the results we used the statistical test of percent² and Fisher exact test. We detected 28 (10,4 percent) positive to the F. hepßtica eggs. Significant differences were found (p < 0,05) by age and between the animals that received flukicide drug treatment and the not treated.