Multitargeted molecular modelling of alginic acid modified with 4-aminophenol dopped with silver nanoparticles as a potent cytotoxic agent.

The activity of alginic acid as a cytotoxic agent was improved by structure modification using 4-aminophenol (4-AP) through condensation and polymerization processes. Then, silver nanoparticles were employed through doping to further enhance the cytotoxic activity of the modified polymer. The structure of the prepared materials was characterized by FT-IR, 1HNMR, UV spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and electron microscopy, and the thermal behavior of all synthesized materials was intensively studied. The cytotoxicity of the prepared compounds against cell lines of human hepatocellular (HepG-2) and lung (A-549) carcinomas was investigated. Alginic acid modified with 4-AP (Alg-4-AP3) showed the highest activity against HepG-2 and A-549 among all tested materials with IC50 values of 3.0 ± 0.19 µg/mL and 3.63 ± 0.23 µg/mL, respectively. Multitargeted molecular docking was employed to explore the binding modes of our compounds with the receptors EGFR, HER2, and VEGFR 2. The results revealed the inhibitory activity of our tested compounds against the proposed protein receptors, findings coincided with the in vitro results. In conclusion, the modification of alginic acid with 4-AP improved its cytotoxic activity against HepG-2 and A-549 cancer cells. In addition, doping the new materials with silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) further enhanced the cytotoxic activity.

Common viral and bacterial avian respiratory infections: an updated review.

Many pathogens that cause chronic diseases in birds use the respiratory tract as a primary route of infection, and respiratory disorders are the main leading source of financial losses in the poultry business. Respiratory infections are a serious problem facing the poultry sector, causing severe economic losses. Avian influenza virus, Newcastle disease virus, infectious bronchitis virus, and avian pneumovirus are particularly serious viral respiratory pathogens. Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Staphylococcus, Bordetella avium, Pasteurella multocida, Riemerella anatipestifer, Chlamydophila psittaci, and Escherichia coli have been identified as the most serious bacterial respiratory pathogens in poultry. This review gives an updated summary, incorporating the latest data, about the evidence for the circulation of widespread, economically important poultry respiratory pathogens, with special reference to possible methods for the control and prevention of these pathogens.