LaAlO3 stoichiometry is key to electron liquid formation at LaAlO3/SrTiO3 interfaces.

Emergent phenomena, including superconductivity and magnetism, found in the two-dimensional electron liquid (2-DEL) at the interface between the insulators lanthanum aluminate (LaAlO3) and strontium titanate (SrTiO3) distinguish this rich system from conventional 2D electron gases at compound semiconductor interfaces. The origin of this 2-DEL, however, is highly debated, with focus on the role of defects in the SrTiO3, while the LaAlO3 has been assumed perfect. Here we demonstrate, through experiments and first-principle calculations, that the cation stoichiometry of the nominal LaAlO3 layer is key to 2-DEL formation: only Al-rich LaAlO3 results in a 2-DEL. Although extrinsic defects, including oxygen deficiency, are known to render LaAlO3/SrTiO3 samples conducting, our results show that in the absence of such extrinsic defects an interface 2-DEL can form. Its origin is consistent with an intrinsic electronic reconstruction occurring to counteract a polarization catastrophe. This work provides insight for identifying other interfaces where emergent behaviours await discovery.

Is there an intrinsic limit to the charge-carrier-induced increase of the Curie temperature of EuO?

Rare earth doping is the key strategy to increase the Curie temperature (T(C)) of the ferromagnetic semiconductor EuO. The interplay between doping and charge carrier density (n), and the limit of the T(C) increase, however, are yet to be understood. We report measurements of n and T(C) of Gd-doped EuO over a wide range of doping levels. The results show a direct correlation between n and T(C), with both exhibiting a maximum at high doping. On average, less than 35% of the dopants act as donors, raising the question about the limit to increasing T(C).

[Basic motor pattern in 4 neurotic structures]. / Untersuchungen zum motorischen Grundmuster bei den vier Neurosestrukturen.

This article discusses an experimental study in which 10 schizoid, 10 depressive, 10 obsessive-compulsive and 10 hysterical patients were filmed in five planned actions. On the basis of a questionnaire, the nature of the motoric process in each case was then evaluated by 11 people who knew nothing of the patients' personality structures. There were highly significant correlations between certain items and individual structures, allowing for the formulation of four basic patterns of movement for the individual structures. In the framework of the psychology of drives, these results confirm on the one hand the working hypothesis that motoric patterns develop in accordance with particular neurotic structures. On the other hand, the results can also be regarded as an indication of the value of defining these ordering principles.

[Psychosomatics--a balancing enterprise?]. / Psychosomatik--eine Gratwanderung?

The present article supports the opinion of the main difficulty in psychosomatics being both in theory and in practice the consequent enforcement of our working hypothesis concerning the unity of body and soul against our spontaneous conception of the psyche as an immaterial entity. Furthermore, based upon the physiology of affects, an attempt is made at procuring a concept of the "psycho-somatic" unity with the aid of "exact imagination". As a further step the physical processes triggered by stress factors, i.e. the so-called stress together with the ensuing stress syndromes, are described. In analogy, the physical correlates of neurotic conflicts of ambivalence may be described as strain and the resulting disorders as strain syndromes. Finally, experimental findings confirming the above theories are presented.

[Psychosomatic principles research: theoretical reflections and experimental assessments]. / Psychosomatische Grundlagenforschung: Theoretische Uberlegungen und experimentelle Untersuchungen.

Based upon Selye's Model of Stress and its expansion towards so-called "internal Stress' the possibility of actual stress diseases is discussed first. In contrast to this, however, those who form the majority of patients in the psychoanalysts' practice. They do not become ill "from simple" psychosocial stressors but rather in connection with conflicts of ambivalence--the so-called situations of temptation and self-denial--which, due to neuroticizing mechanisms in early childhood, they are unable to master, since they remain unaware of at least one of the antagonistic tendencies. Based upon conceptions of a simultaneous correlation of psyche and soma, these respective correlating antagonistic functions must take place while experiencing the ambivalence conflicts, which are termed "strain" in distinct opposition to stress. In the course of specific investigations of the correlation in patients with ulcus duodeni, asthma bronchiale, colitis ulcerosa, and Morbus Crohn, several functional elements of strain could be demonstrated which can easily be incorporated into a pathophysiological context as constituting elements of later morphological changes. A psychosomatic illness of this kind predominantly obeys the autonomy of the body.

[Psychodynamics of Bechterew's disease]. / Zur Psychodynamik des Morbus Bechterew.

Following earlier psychoanalytical articles on polyarthritic diseases without rheumatism factor, this investigation reports on patients with morbus Bechterew. The psychoanalytically expanded anamneses showed a distinct predominance of hysterical and depressive structures. With their friendly, open nature these patients appear cooperative and tension-free. They have problems when aggressive confrontations occur, especially with good acquaintances, from whom they expect recognition and friendly or loving attention. They try to earn these through a strong readiness to help, which often reaches a point of exhaustion. The causing situations appear especially characteristic: Before the disease started, most patients were able to sow their wild oats in all directions for a pretty long time. The disease breaks out when this lax style of living is given up, for the partner's sake, in a marriage or other firm kind of relationship. In their new life situation the patients cannot fully live their aggressive as well as their sexual needs in the accustomed way. A heightened muscular tension, as the physical correlate of this affective restraint, is postulated, which, as one of the factors, plays a role in the origin of morbus Bechterew.

[Arthropathy of haemochromastosis (author's transl)]. / Arthropathie bei Hämochromatose.

X-ray changes of the small hand joints are relatively specific in haemochromatosis and are found in about 50% of cases. The main findings are irregular joint surfaces, narrowing of the joint spaces, subchondral sclerosis and small cystic changes. These affect mainly the interphalangeal and metacarpophalangeal joints. In addition, chondrocalcinosis of the large joints is a common finding. Of four patients with haemochromatosis, two had the characteristical X-Ray findings of the hands, one had marked chondrocalcinosis of the knee joints, the remaining was found to be normal. The X-ray findings and their value in diagnosis will be discussed.

[2 criteria for making differential diagnosis between primarily psychogenic and primarily organic body symptomatology easier]. / Uber zwei Kriterien zur Erleichterung der Differential-Diagnostik zwischen primär psychogener bzw. primär organischer Körpersymptomatik

Attation has been drawn to two criteria, which have been found to be helpful in the differentialdiagnosis between primary psychogenic and primary organic symptoms. 1. Psychogenesis is doubtful in cooperative patients from whom an initiating conflict-situation cannot be evaluated, if the time of onset does not relate to onset of symptoms, even if the pattern of symptoms seem to correlate with the structure of personality. 2. If a patient is too readily convinced of an exclusively mental source of his problems, one has to be aware of to deal with mechanisms called "inhibition of bodily threat" or "inhibition of death". These states of mental inhibition may also serve to demonstrate feelings of revenge against the respective individual.

[Problem of specific syndrome formation in psychosomatic disease situations. (Psychodynamics of rheumatic diseases)]. / Zum Problem der spezifischen Syndrombildung bei psychosomatischen Krankheitsbildern

Three features of psychosomatic diseases with negative rheumafactor were psychoanalytically investigated (35 patients). Each of these diseases (the Palindromic Rheumatism, the Reiters Disease and the Psoriatic Arthritis), showed a characteristic syndrome. Corresponding with the patients with rheumafactor-positive Rheumatoid Arthritis was only the fact of inhibited aggressive impulses in the somatic field by the blockade of the muscle system. We believe that this study proves our earlier found thesis, that in psychosomatic diseases we have to work out the specific conflict, the specific psychodynamic ambivalence.

[Psychodynamic factors in some rheumatoid factor negative arthritic diseases (author's transl)]. / Psychodynamische Faktoren bei einigen Rheumafaktor-negativen polyarthritischen Erkrankungen

A total of 32 patients with rheumatoid factor negative diseases were investigated by depth psychology: patients with palindromic rheumatism, Reiter's disease and psoriatic arthritis. In each case a typical psychosyndrome could be found correlative with the somatic syndrome, in which the specific form of working out of aggression was at the focal point. An association of psychic factors in the etiopathogenesis of these arthritic diseases is consequently very probable.