Th17 Cells and Cytokines in Leprosy: Understanding the Immune Response and Polarization.

While there are conflicting data concerning interleukin (IL)-17 levels in the serum of patients with leprosy compared with those in healthy controls, higher levels have been more evident in the tuberculoid clinical form of leprosy and type 1 reactions. This review aimed to highlight the role of Th17 cells and their cytokines in leprosy. Cytokines such as IL-1ß and IL-23 induce Th17, while transforming growth factor beta and IL-10 inhibit Th17, indicating that the balance between Th17 and regulatory T cells is crucial for leprosy polarization. However, more comprehensive paired studies are required to better elucidate the role of Th17 cells in leprosy.

Th17 Cells and Cytokines in Leprosy: Understanding the Immune Response and Polarization

ABSTRACT While there are conflicting data concerning interleukin (IL)-17 levels in the serum of patients with leprosy compared with those in healthy controls, higher levels have been more evident in the tuberculoid clinical form of leprosy and type 1 reactions. This review aimed to highlight the role of Th17 cells and their cytokines in leprosy. Cytokines such as IL-1β and IL-23 induce Th17, while transforming growth factor beta and IL-10 inhibit Th17, indicating that the balance between Th17 and regulatory T cells is crucial for leprosy polarization. However, more comprehensive paired studies are required to better elucidate the role of Th17 cells in leprosy.

Avaliação do conhecimento de reeducandas de Cadeia Pública de Mato Grosso sobre o câncer de mama e câncer de colo do útero / Assessment of the knowledge of Mato Grosso Public Prison re-education on breast cancer and cervical câncer / Avaliação do conhecimento de reeducandas de Cadeia Pública de Mato Grosso sobre el cáncer de mamá y cáncer de color del útero

Justificativa e Objetivos: As neoplasias malignas correspondem à segunda causa de mortalidade no Brasil, sendo que os cânceres de mama e colo do útero estão entre os mais prevalentes no público feminino. Tendo em vista a vulnerabilidade apresentada por populações privadas da liberdade, buscou-se avaliar o conhecimento de reeducandas sobre câncer de mama e colo do útero a fim de instrumentalizá-las por meio da educação em saúde. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo experimental, cuja intervenção foi uma ação educativa realizada em 2017, por meio da aplicação de um questionário junto a 52 reeducandas da Cadeia Pública Feminina em um município polo da região médio norte de Mato Grosso. Resultados: Os conhecimentos anteriores à ação eram pautados sobretudo na gravidade e mortalidade inerente à doença, sendo insuficientes no tocante ao reconhecimento, identificação e intervenção nos fatores de risco. Observou-se maior autonomia, adesão aos métodos de diagnóstico precoce e empoderamento através do autoexame. Conclusão: A partir do incentivo das esferas governamentais as atividades educativas podem ser desenvolvidas com maior frequência, elevando a qualidade de vida das reeducandas e favorecendo a ressocialização.(AU)

Background and Objectives: Malignant neoplasms are the second cause of mortality in Brazil, and breast and cervical cancer are among the most prevalent in the female public. I tend in view of vulnerability presented by private populações da liberdade, I seek to endorse or confecimento of reeducandas on breast cancer and colorado do uter to fim de instrumentalizá-las by meio da educação em saúde. Methods: This is an experimental study, which took place during the educational year, carried out in 2017 by the application of a questionnaire together with 52 reeducandas of Cadeia Pública Feminina em município polo da região medio north of Mato Grosso. Results: The previous events were based on an overriding gravidade and fatality in dorential, being insufficient not to reconnect, identify and intervene with us. Observou-se maior autonomia, adesão aos methods of diagnosis precoce and empoderamento through autoexame. Conclusion: From the incentive of governmental spheres, educational activities can be developed with greater frequency, raising the quality of life reeduced and favoring ressocialization.(AU)

Justificación y objetivos: Las neoplasias malignas corresponden a la segunda causa de mortalidad en Brasil, siendo que el cáncer de mama y cuello del útero están entre los más prevalentes en el público femenino. Tendo em vista a vulnerabilidade apresentada por populações private da liberdade, buscou-se avaliar o conhecimento de reeducandas about câncer de mama y colo do útero a fim de instrumentalizá-las por meio da educação em saúde. Métodos: Tratase de un experimento experimental, intervención interina para la educación, realizada en 2017 por meio da aplicação de um questionário junto a 52 reeducandas da Cadeia Pública Feminina em município polo da região médio norte de Mato Grosso. Resultados: Os conhecimentos anteriores a ação eram pautados sobretudo na gravidade e mortalidade inerente à doença, sendo insuficientes no tocant to reconhecimento, identificação e intervenção nos fatores de risco. Observou-se maior autonomia, adesão aos métodos de diagnóstico precoce e empoderamento atraves do autoexame. Conclusión: A partir del incentivo de las esferas gubernamentales como actividades educativas para el desarrollo de las capacidades avanzadas, aumentar la calidad de vida de las personas y favorecer una resocialización.(AU)

Toxoplasma gondii causes death and plastic alteration in the jejunal myenteric plexus.

AIM: To assess the effects of ME-49 Toxoplasma gondii (T. gondii) strain infection on the myenteric plexus and external muscle of the jejunum in rats. METHODS: Thirty rats were distributed into two groups: the control group (CG) (n = 15) received 1 mL of saline solution orally, and the infected group (IG) (n = 15) inoculated with 1 mL of saline solution containing 500 oocysts of M-49 T. gondii strain orally. After 36 d of infection, the rats were euthanized. Infection with T. gondii was confirmed by blood samples collected from all rats at the beginning and end of the experiment. The jejunum of five animals was removed and submitted to routine histological processing (paraffin) for analysis of external muscle thickness. The remaining jejunum from the others animals was used to analyze the general population and the NADH-diaphorase, VIPergic and nitrergic subpopulations of myenteric neurons; and the enteric glial cells (S100-IR). RESULTS: Serological analysis showed that animals from the IG were infected with the parasite. Hypertrophy affecting jejunal muscle thickness was observed in the IG rats (77.02 ± 42.71) in relation to the CG (51.40 ± 12.34), P < 0.05. In addition, 31.2% of the total number of myenteric neurons died (CG: 39839.3 ± 5362.3; IG: 26766.6 ± 2177.6; P < 0.05); hyperplasia of nitrergic myenteric neurons was observed (CG: 7959.0 ± 1290.4; IG: 10893.0 ± 1156.3; P < 0.05); general hypertrophy of the cell body in the remaining myenteric neurons was noted [CG: 232.5 (187.2-286.0); IG: 248.2 (204.4-293.0); P < 0.05]; hypertrophy of the smallest varicosities containing VIP neurotransmitter was seen (CG: 0.46 ± 0.10; IG: 0.80 ± 0.16; P < 0.05) and a reduction of 25.3% in enteric glia cells (CG: 12.64 ± 1.27; IG: 10.09 ± 2.10; P < 0.05) was observed in the infected rats. CONCLUSION: It was concluded that infection with oocysts of ME-49 T. gondii strain caused quantitative and plastic alterations in the myenteric plexus of the jejunum in rats.

Toxoplasma gondii infection causes morphological changes in caecal myenteric neurons.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of chronic infection of Toxoplasma gondii (with genotype I and genotype III strains) on the population density and morphometry of caecal myenteric neurons in rats. Fifteen, 60-day-old, male Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were used. The animals were assigned into three groups: Control Group (CG), Experimental Group 1 (EG1) and Experimental Group 2 (EG2). EG1 animals received 10(5) tachyzoites of the genotype I (BTU IV) T. gondii strain orally, and the EG2 animals received 10(5) tachyzoites of the genotype III (BTU II) strain orally. Thirty days after inoculation, caecal whole-mount preparations were stained by Giemsa technique. The caecal preparations were then analysed by assessing the population density and morphometry of myenteric neurons in specific regions of the caecum: mesenteric apical (MA), antimesenteric apical (AA), antimesenteric basal (AB) and next to caecal ampulla (NA). Myenteric neurons from the AA region were more clustered in EG1 animals (P<0.05). The EG1 animals presented a 16.8% reduction in the area of the nucleus, whereas the EG2 animals showed 18.4% increase (P<0.05). There was a more marked reduction in the cytoplasm of the animals in EG1 (↓23.2%) compared to EG2 (↓6.2%). There was 35.8% neuronal atrophy in the AB region and 16.8% in the region NA of the EG1 animals (P<0.05). In conclusion, different strains of T. gondii cause morphometric changes in caecal myenteric neurons of rats. Only the genotype I strain was able to cause neuronal density changes.

Toxoplasma gondii: myenteric neurons of intraperitoneally inoculated rats show quantitative and morphometric alterations.

Several studies have demonstrated that the myenteric plexus experiences quantitative and morphometric changes in rats inoculated orally with Toxoplasma gondii. This paper aims to verify if these alterations are also seen when the same animals are inoculated intraperitoneally with the parasite. In order to do that, six Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) 60 days of age were infected intraperitoneally with 10(6) tachyzoites of a genotype I T. gondii strain (BTU IV). After 60 days, the animals were anaesthetised and underwent laparotomy. All organs from the small and large intestines were removed, measured, dissected and underwent whole-mount Giemsa technique to stain the neurons in the myenteric plexus. A quantitative and morphometric analysis of these cells was made, and it showed that the parasite causes the death of myenteric neurons in the jejunum and morphometric alterations in these cells throughout the intestine. However, the cellular response of myenteric neurons to T. gondii is heterogeneous compared the different organs from the gut.