In vitro, ex vivo and in vivo antihypertensive evaluation of enzymatic hydrolysates of Californian red worm (Eisenia fetida) proteins.

Hypertension is an important risk factor concomitant with cardiovascular disease (CVD) states, which is why we set out to evaluate Californian red worm hydrolysates on antihypertensive activity both in vitro, ex vivo, using rabbit aortic rings and in vivo using hypertensive induced rats. The worms were manually separated, washed with water, purged for 4 h with 4 % sodium bicarbonate, sacrificed with 7 % saline, and finally washed with drinking water. The in vitro antihypertensive capacity was performed by measuring angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition; for the ex vivo assays, rabbit aorta was used to measure relaxation; for the in vivo assays, rats with induced hypertension were used to perform acute (hypotension) and chronic assays, using captopril as a control in all assays. With respect to angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition, the EC50 value of the worm hydrolysate was found to be 358 ppm; with respect to the analysis in aortic rings, it was found that the mechanisms of action of the hydrolysate are endothelium-dependent, presenting a maximum relaxation of 35 %. With respect to the in vivo assays, the hypotensive test showed that the hydrolysate can reduce blood pressure by up to 32 % in only 2 h, while the chronic analysis showed that the hydrolysate at 150 ppm did not present statistically significant differences with the control (captopril) during the 15 days of analysis. The Red Californian earthworm hydrolysate presents bioactive compounds identified with antihypertensive activities in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo in different isolated and animal models. The study demonstrates the efficacy of the hydrolysate to be used as an alternative in the treatment and prevention of hypertension, and it can be implemented in functional foods or nutraceutical foods. Antihypertensive peptides, particularly those that inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE), hold significant importance in medical research, specifically in the context of cardiovascular disease treatment, particularly hypertension. The focus on these peptides and the potential implications of their results in medical research can be summarized through several key points: 1) Mechanisms of Action-Antihypertensive peptides function by inhibiting ACE or renin, crucial enzymes in blood pressure regulation. 2)Alternatives to Synthetic Drugs, 3) Additional Health Benefits, and various other factors.

Optimization and scale up of the enzymatic hydrolysis of Californian red worm protein (Eiseniafoetida).

Although the best-known use of the different species of earthworm is the production of organic fertilizer, they can also be considered a rich source of biologically and pharmacologically-active compounds, for use in the treatment of various diseases. In recent decades, with the development of biochemical technologies, research on the pharmaceutical effects of compounds extracted from different species of earthworms has begun. Enzymatic hydrolysis is the most common and widely used technique for producing bioactive hydrolysates, because it uses moderate operating conditions, with a certain specificity for the substrate. In the present study, the objective was to optimize and scale up the enzymatic hydrolysis of Eisenia foetida protein to obtain peptides with biological activity. The substrate characterization was carried out according to AOAC, a response surface design was performed for the optimization of the enzymatic hydrolysis and then the scaling was performed by means of dimensional analysis. The results show that the major component of the paste is protein, 65% of which is albumin, and the absence of pathogenic microorganisms was also found. Regarding optimization, it was found that the optimal hydrolysis conditions are achieved with pH = 8.5; temperature = 45 °C; amount of substrate = 125 g and volume of enzyme = 1245µL. For the scaling, 4 dimensionless pi-numbers were calculated which describe the process with no statistically significant differences between the model and the prototype; it can be concluded that the enzymatic hydrolysate of Eisenia foetida presents high values of antioxidant activity evaluated by different methodologies.

Effects of chemical silage of red tilapia viscera (Oreochromis spp.) as a source of protein on the productive and hematological parameters in isa-brown laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus).

This paper evaluates the inclusion of chemical silage from viscera of red tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) in diets of Isa-Brown laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus), and its influence on productive variables and hematological parameters. A total of 56, 16-week-old laying hens were randomly divided into two groups (one per diet), which in turn were subdivided into 7 replicates of 4 birds each. All test groups were fed for 16 weeks. During this period, the evaluation of the productive variables was carried out, and at the end, random blood samples were taken from 3 birds per diet. The results indicated that the inclusion of chemical silage from red tilapia viscera with a proportion of 17.18% dry matter, does not present statistically significant differences in the productive variables which were evaluated (p > 0.05) with respect to the control. Moreover, the chemical silage did not modify the hematological parameters and blood the chemistry in the hens. This allowed us to conclude that silage can be used as a substitute for conventional protein raw materials such as fishmeal and soybean meal in the preparation of diets for laying hens, without altering their productive performance.

Obtención de jarabes de fructosa a partir de hidrolizados enzimáticos de almidón de ñame Dioscorea alata y Dioscorea rotundata / Fructose syrup obtention from enzymatic hydrolysed of yam starch (Dioscorea alata and Dioscorea rotundata)

En este trabajo se evaluó el rendimiento de la producción de jarabes de fructosa a partir del almidón extraído de dos especies de ñame (Dioscorea alata var. Diamante y Dioscorea rotundata var. Espino). Se estableció un diseño experimental multifactor categórico completamente al azar con dos factores: concentración de sustrato en cinco niveles: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50% p/v, y la especie de ñame en dos niveles: Dioscorea alata , var. Diamante y Dioscorea rotundata , var. Espino. Para la obtención de fructosa, inicialmente se prepararon jarabes de glucosa por medio de hidrólisis enzimática del almidón de ñame, utilizando las enzimas de Novozymes®, alfa-amilasa Termamyl 120L (etapa de licuefacción) y aminoglucosidasa (AMG) 300L (etapa de sacarificación). En esta etapa los máximos equivalentes de dextrosa (ED) obtenidos son 98,28 y 96,84, para una concentración de sustrato del 30% p/v. Posteriormente se procedió a isomerizar los jarabes de glucosa a jarabes de fructuosa, utilizando la enzima inmovilizada Sweetzyme de Novozymes®. Los mejores resultados se alcanzaron a una concentración de sustrato del 30% p/v para ambas especies de ñame, las cuales presentan concentraciones de 220,57 y 210,36 g de fructosa/L, con conversiones de glucosa a fructosa de 71,46% y 67,28% para ñame Espino y Diamante respectivamente. No se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre las especies de ñame ( D. alata var. Diamante y D. rotundata var. Espino), a un nivel de confianza del 5%, en cuanto a la producción de jarabe fructosado.

This investigation evaluated the yield of fructose syrup production from extracted starch of two yam species (Dioscorea alata, var. Diamond and Dioscorea rotundata, var. Espino). The experiment was conducted using an at random experimental design of multiple categorical factor analysis with two factors: a substrate concentration factor at five levels: 10, 20, 30, 40, 50% p/v and the yam species factor at two levels (Dioscorea alata, var Diamond and Dioscorea rotundata, var Espino). To obtain fructose, initially glucose syrups were prepared by enzymatic hydrolysis of yam starch using the enzymes of Novozymes®, alpha-amylase Termamyl 120L (liquefaction stage) and AMG 300L (saccharification stage). At this stage, dextrose maximum equivalents (ED) obtained were 98.28 and 96.84 for a substrate concentration of 30% w/v. In a later stage isomerisation from glucose syrups to fructose syrups using the immobilized enzyme Sweetzyme of Novozymes® was carried out. The best results were achieved with substrate concentrations of 30% p/v for both yam species, which showed fructose concentrations of 220.57 and 210.36 g/L with conversions of 71.46% and 67.28% in Espino and Diamond yams respectively. No statistically significant differences were observed between the yam species (D. alata var. Diamante and D. rotundata var. Espino) at a confidence level of 5%, regarding the production of fructose syrup.

Actividad bactericida del extracto etanólico y del aceite esencial de hojas de Rosmarinus officinalis L. sobre algunas bacterias de interés alimentario / Bactericidal activity of ethanolic leaf extract and leaf essential oil of Rosmarinus officinalis L. on some foodborne bacteria

En este trabajo se evaluó la actividad bactericida y se determinó la Concentración Inhibitoria Mínima (CIM) del extracto etanólico y del aceite esencial de hojas de Rosmarinus officinalis L. sobre microorganismos de interés alimentario: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella sonnei, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus y Lactobacillus plantarum. El aceite esencial exhibió un amplio espectro de acción antimicrobiana tanto para bacterias Gram positivas como Gram negativas con CIM entre 512 – 4096 ppm. El extracto etanólico mostró actividad antimicrobiana contra las bacterias S. sonnei, S. typhimurium y L. monocytogenes con CIM de 1024 ppm. La nisina, utilizada como control positivo, ocasionó una inhibición del crecimiento de todas las bacterias evaluadas con CIMs entre 2 y 1024 ppm, mientras que los conservantes usados comúnmente en la industria de alimentos presentaron una actividad antimicrobiana menor que la encontrada con el aceite esencial de R. officinalis.

This work evaluated the bactericidal activity and determinated the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of ethanolic extract and essential oil from Rosmarinus officinalis L. leaves on microorganisms of interest in food industry: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella typhimurium, Shigella sonnei, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus cereus and Lactobacillus plantarum. The essential oil showed a broad spectrum of antimicrobial action for both Gram positive and Gram negative bacteria with MICs between 512 - 4096 ppm. The ethanolic extract showed antimicrobial activity against S. sonnei, S. typhimurium and L. monocytogenes with a MIC of 1024 ppm. Nisin was used as positive control and showed a strong growth inhibition of all bacteria tested with MICs between 2 and 1024 ppm. Our result shows that preservatives commonly used in the food industry have lower antimicrobial activity than those found in essential oil from R. officinalis L. leaves.

Evaluación de las propiedades modificadas por vía enzimática del almidón de ñame (D. trífida) utilizando α - amilasa (termamyl® 120 l, tipo l) / Evaluation of the properties modification for via enzymatic of the starch of yam (dioscorea trifida) using -amilasa (termamyl® 120 l, type l)

El almidón de ñame constituye una excelente materia prima para modificar la textura y consistencia de los alimentos. Su funcionalidad depende del peso molecular promedio de la amilosa y la amilopectina, así como de la organización molecular de estos glucanos dentro del gránulo. Con frecuencia los almidones nativos o naturales no son los más adecuados para uso en algunos procesos industriales específicos. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo la modificación por vía enzimática del almidón de ñame (D.trifida) utilizando α-amilasa (Termamyl 120L, tipo L de Novo Nordisk) para determinar sus propiedades funcionales. Se utiliza un diseño experimental en bloques completamente al azar, en un arreglo factorial multinivel, temperatura de reacción en tres niveles (50, 72 y 93ºC), concentración de almidón en tres niveles (30, 40 y 50 por ciento p/v) y tiempo de reacción en tres niveles (20, 40 y 60 minutos), se desarrollan 27 tratamientos con tres repeticiones (81 unidades experimentales). Los almidones hidrolizados a 93ºC presentan los mayores equivalentes de dextrosa (ED), seguidos por los de 72 °C y 50 ºC respectivamente. Las propiedades funcionales evaluadas son: estabilidad y claridad de la pasta, acidez titulable, capacidad de hinchamiento, determinación del punto de gelatinización, densidad verdadera, densidad promedio y porosidad. Esta investigación demuestra el gran potencial de los hidrolizados de almidón de D. trífida como una alternativa para responder a las demandas de los procesos industriales en la fabricación de alimentos, tales como productos de panadería, salsas, yogures, mermeladas y productos congelados