SEDAR/SECCE ECMO management consensus document.

ECMO is an extracorporeal cardiorespiratory support system whose use has been increased in the last decade. Respiratory failure, postcardiotomy shock, and lung or heart primary graft failure may require the use of cardiorespiratory mechanical assistance. In this scenario perioperative medical and surgical management is crucial. Despite the evolution of technology in the area of extracorporeal support, morbidity and mortality of these patients continues to be high, and therefore the indication as well as the ECMO removal should be established within a multidisciplinary team with expertise in the area. This consensus document aims to unify medical knowledge and provides recommendations based on both the recent bibliography and the main national ECMO implantation centres experience with the goal of improving comprehensive patient care.

¿Puede la saturación regional de oxígeno cerebral guiar la transfusión de hematíes en cirugía cardiaca en pacientes de alto riesgo? Estudio prospectivo observacional / Can regional cerebral oxygen saturation guide red blood cell transfusion in high risk cardiac surgery?

Introducción: La cirugía cardíaca se asocia a un uso significativo de hemoderivados. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto de la transfusión sobre la saturación regional de oxígeno cerebral (SrO2) en pacientes tratados mediante cirugía cardiaca con EuroSCORE I aditivo > 6. Material y métodos: Estudio prospectivo observacional. Se incluyó en el estudio a los pacientes con EuroSCORE I aditivo > 6 tratados mediante cirugía cardiaca con circulación extracorpórea. Se recogieron los valores demográficos, complicaciones perioperatorias, estancias hospitalarias, así como el valor de SrO2 basal preinducción, el valor más bajo de hemoglobina (Hb) registrado durante la cirugía, el valor de la Hb y la SrO2 pre y postransfusional, así como la existencia de una caída significativa de más del 20% del valor basal de la SrO2 o por debajo del 50%. Consideramos como respondedores a la transfusión aquellos que presentaron un aumento de la SrO2 postransfusión de al menos el 20% del valor previo, un aumento de la desviación estándar (DE) (7,9) o un aumento hasta el nivel basal. Resultados: Se recogieron los datos de 57 pacientes. El EuroSCORE I aditivo medio +/- DE fue de 7,4 +/- DE 2,6 y el EuroSCORE II fue de 6,1 +/- DE 7,4. El 52% fueron varones. Se trasfundió al menos un concentrado de hematíes al 35,1% de la muestra (20 pacientes). La SrO2 pretransfusional fue 59 +/- DE 8,6 y aumentó de forma no significativa tras la transfusión del primer CH (61,19 +/- 7,9; p = 0,1). Un 29,8% de los pacientes presentaron durante la cirugía una disminución de la SrO2 del 20% con respecto a su basal o un valor inferior al 50%. Los pacientes con una disminución significativa de la SrO2 presentaron un mayor tasa de complicaciones perioperatorias (p = 0,04). La estancia en la Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos (UCI) fue mayor en los pacientes con una disminución significativa de la SrO2 respecto a los que la no presentaron (6,8 +/- 8,2 días vs. 4,3 +/- 3,6; p = 0,01) al igual que la estancia hospitalaria (14,2 +/- 9,4 días vs. 10,1 +/- 3,1; p = 0,01). En nuestra muestra, 6 de los 21 pacientes fueron respondedores. No hubo diferencias significativas en la morbilidad o la mortalidad entre los respondedores y los no respondedores. Discusión: En nuestra población, se observó un aumento no significativo en la SrO2 tras la transfusión. Cuando se analizaron los respondedores a la transfusión por incrementos de SrO2, pocos pacientes fueron identificados como respondedores. En conclusión, la SrO2 podría no ser una herramienta que guíe la transfusión en pacientes tratados mediante cirugía cardiaca con EuroSCORE I aditivo > 6

Introduction: Cardiac surgery (CS) is associated with a significant use of blood products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of red blood cells concentrates (RBC) transfusion on regional cerebral oxygen saturation (SrO2) in patients undergoing CS with additive EuroSCORE I > 6. Material and methods: This is a prospective descriptive study. Patients with additive EuroSCORE I > 6 undergoing CS with extracorporeal circulation were included in the study. The demographic values, perioperative complications, hospital/ICU length of stay (LOS), as well as the preinduction baseline SrO2values, the lowest SrO2 value during surgery, number of blood products transfused, hemoglobine (HB) and pre and postransfusional SrO2 values were recorded, and events of significant decrease in SrO2 below 20% of basal value or decrease below 50%. We considered responders those who had an increase post-transfusion SrO2 at least 20% of pre-transfusion value, an increase of standar deviation (7.9) or an increase up to basal SrO2. Results: Data from 57 patients were collected. The average additive EuroSCORE I was 7.4 (SD 2.6) and the EuroSCORE II was 6.1 (SD 7.4). 52% were male. 35.1% of patients received intraoperative transfusion of at least one unit of RBC. The overall mortality was 8.7% (N = 5). During surgery 29.8% of the overall sample presented a decrease of more than 20% of baseline SrO2 or a value lower than 50%. Patients with a significant decrease in SrO2 presented a higher rate of perioperative complications (P=0.04) and longer ICU-LOS 4.3 (SD 3.6) vs. 6.8 (SD 8.2) days (P=0.01) and hospital LOS 10.1 (SD 3.1) vs. 14.2 (SD 9.4) days (P=0.01). Pretransfusional HB was 7.4 (SD 0.8) mg/dl and postransfusional value was 8.4 (SD 0.8) (P =0.00). Pretransfusional SrO2 was 59 (SD 8.6) and increased non- significantly after RBC transfusion to 61.1 (SD 7.9) (P=0.1). Only 6 patients out of 21 could be considered responders. There were no significant differences in morbidity, mortality or LOS between responders and non-responders. Discussion: In our population a non statistically significant increase in SrO2 was observed after RBC transfusion. When considering responders few patients were identified by SrO2. In conclusion SrO2 might not be reliable triger to decide transfusion

Can regional cerebral oxygen saturation guide red blood cell transfusion in high risk cardiac surgery? / ¿Puede la saturación regional de oxígeno cerebral guiar la transfusión de hematíes en cirugía cardiaca en pacientes de alto riesgo? Estudio prospectivo observacional.

INTRODUCTION: Cardiac surgery (CS) is associated with a significant use of blood products. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of red blood cells concentrates (RBC) transfusion on regional cerebral oxygen saturation (SrO2) in patients undergoing CS with additive EuroSCORE I > 6. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This is a prospective descriptive study. Patients with additive EuroSCORE I > 6 undergoing CS with extracorporeal circulation were included in the study. The demographic values, perioperative complications, hospital/ICU length of stay (LOS), as well as the preinduction baseline SrO2values, the lowest SrO2 value during surgery, number of blood products transfused, hemoglobine (HB) and pre and postransfusional SrO2 values were recorded, and events of significant decrease in SrO2 below 20% of basal value or decrease below 50%. We considered responders those who had an increase post-transfusion SrO2 at least 20% of pre-transfusion value, an increase of standar deviation (7.9) or an increase up to basal SrO2. RESULTS: Data from 57 patients were collected. The average additive EuroSCORE I was 7.4 (SD 2.6) and the EuroSCORE II was 6.1 (SD 7.4). 52% were male. 35.1% of patients received intraoperative transfusion of at least one unit of RBC. The overall mortality was 8.7% (N = 5). During surgery 29.8% of the overall sample presented a decrease of more than 20% of baseline SrO2 or a value lower than 50%. Patients with a significant decrease in SrO2 presented a higher rate of perioperative complications (P=0.04) and longer ICU-LOS 4.3 (SD 3.6) vs. 6.8 (SD 8.2) days (P=0.01) and hospital LOS 10.1 (SD 3.1) vs. 14.2 (SD 9.4) days (P=0.01). Pretransfusional HB was 7.4 (SD 0.8) mg/dl and postransfusional value was 8.4 (SD 0.8) (P =0.00). Pretransfusional SrO2 was 59 (SD 8.6) and increased non- significantly after RBC transfusion to 61.1 (SD 7.9) (P=0.1). Only 6 patients out of 21 could be considered responders. There were no significant differences in morbidity, mortality or LOS between responders and non-responders. DISCUSSION: In our population a non statistically significant increase in SrO2 was observed after RBC transfusion. When considering responders few patients were identified by SrO2. In conclusion SrO2 might not be reliable triger to decide transfusion.

Mortalidad de la cirugía coronaria aislada en octogenarios. Análisis restrospectivo de 14 años / Mortality in isolated coronary artery bypass surgery in elderly patients. A retrospective analysis over 14 years

Introducción. El objetivo de este estudio es describir nuestra experiencia en la cirugía de revascularización coronaria aislada en pacientes mayores de 80 años e identificar los riesgos específicos y predictores de mortalidad precoz. Material y métodos. Entre enero de 1999 y junio de 2013, 3.097 pacientes fueron sometidos a cirugía de revascularización coronaria aislada. Se analizaron los pacientes mayores de 80 años de edad. Se realizó una regresión mutivariante de Cox para predictores de mortalidad. Resultados. Se identificaron 99 pacientes mayores de 80 años (grupo-80; edad media 82±3,5 años) y 2.957 menores de 80 años (grupo control; edad media 64,2±9,7 años). El EuroSCORE aditivo fue 8,4±4,8 y 4,6±4,6 (p<0,001) en los>80 años vs.<80 años, respectivamente. La cirugía sin CEC se realizó en el 79,6% en el grupo-80 años. La mortalidad a los 30 días en el grupo-80 fue significativamente superior, del 11,2 vs. 3,3% (p<0,001). El grupo-80 se reintervino por sangrado más frecuentemente (9,2 vs. 2,9%; p=0,001) y tuvieron con mayor frecuencia complicaciones cardiovasculares mayores (6,1 vs. 2,1%; p=0,001). Los predictores independientes de mortalidad a 30 días fueron: la reintervención por sangrado (HR 5,7; IC 95% 1,6-19,5) y las complicaciones cardiovasculares mayores (HR 3,7; IC 95% 1,1-12,2). El seguimiento medio del grupo-80 fue de 6,3±4,2 años, con una supervivencia acumulada de estos pacientes del 65,7% durante el periodo de estudio. Conclusión. La cirugía de revascularización coronaria aislada se realiza preferentemente en pacientes mayores de 80 años sin CEC. Presentan una mayor incidencia de complicaciones cardiovasculares, reintervenciones por sangrado en el postoperatorio inmediato y una mortalidad más elevada (AU)

Introduction. We aim to describe our experience in coronary artery bypass graft in elderly patients older than 80 years and assess the associated risk and predictors of mortality in this subgroup. Material and method. From January 1999 to June 2013, 3097 patients underwent consecutive coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Patients aged over 80 years were identified. Multivariate survival analysis using Cox's regression model was performed. Results. We identified 99 patients older than 80 years (80-group; mean age 82±3.5 years) and 2957 younger than 80 years (control group) (mean age 64.2±9.7 years). Additive EuroSCORE was 8.4±4.8 and 4.6±4.6 (P<.001) in the 80-group vs. control group, respectively. Off-pump coronary artery bypass graft was performed in 79.6 vs. 41.6% (P<.001) in the 80-group vs. the control group. respectively. There was significantly higher 30 day-mortality in the 80-group, 11.2 vs. 3.3%, respectively (P<.001). Patients in the 80-group underwent reintervention for bleeding more frequently (9.2 vs. 2.9%; P=.001) and had a higher incidence of major cardiovascular complications than the control group (6.1 vs. 2.1%; P=.001). Independent predictors of mortality for the 80-group were: reoperation for bleeding (HR 5.7; 95% CI 1.6-19.5) and cardiovascular complications (HR 3.7; 95% CI 1.1-12.2). The mean follow-up was 6.3±4.2 years for the octogenarian group. The cumulative survival of these patients was 65.7% during the study period. Conclusion. Coronary artery bypass graft is performed preferably in patients over 80 years old under the off-pump procedure. Mortality is higher in this group of patients probably related to a higher incidence of cardiovascular complications and reintervention for bleeding in the immediate postoperative period (AU)

Mortality in isolated coronary artery bypass surgery in elderly patients. A retrospective analysis over 14 years. / Mortalidad de la cirugía coronaria aislada en octogenarios. Análisis restrospectivo de 14 años.

INTRODUCTION: We aim to describe our experience in coronary artery bypass graft in elderly patients older than 80 years and assess the associated risk and predictors of mortality in this subgroup. MATERIAL AND METHOD: From January 1999 to June 2013, 3097 patients underwent consecutive coronary artery bypass graft surgery. Patients aged over 80 years were identified. Multivariate survival analysis using Cox's regression model was performed. RESULTS: We identified 99 patients older than 80 years (80-group; mean age 82±3.5 years) and 2957 younger than 80 years (control group) (mean age 64.2±9.7 years). Additive EuroSCORE was 8.4±4.8 and 4.6±4.6 (P<.001) in the 80-group vs. control group, respectively. Off-pump coronary artery bypass graft was performed in 79.6 vs. 41.6% (P<.001) in the 80-group vs. the control group. respectively. There was significantly higher 30 day-mortality in the 80-group, 11.2 vs. 3.3%, respectively (P<.001). Patients in the 80-group underwent reintervention for bleeding more frequently (9.2 vs. 2.9%; P=.001) and had a higher incidence of major cardiovascular complications than the control group (6.1 vs. 2.1%; P=.001). Independent predictors of mortality for the 80-group were: reoperation for bleeding (HR 5.7; 95% CI 1.6-19.5) and cardiovascular complications (HR 3.7; 95% CI 1.1-12.2). The mean follow-up was 6.3±4.2 years for the octogenarian group. The cumulative survival of these patients was 65.7% during the study period. CONCLUSION: Coronary artery bypass graft is performed preferably in patients over 80 years old under the off-pump procedure. Mortality is higher in this group of patients probably related to a higher incidence of cardiovascular complications and reintervention for bleeding in the immediate postoperative period.

Evaluación de las mediciones de hemoglobina no invasiva con el dispositivo Masimo Rainbow Radical-7 ® en un paciente portador de oxigenación extracorpórea de membrana / Evaluation of non-invasive hemoglobin measurements using the Masimo Rainbow Radical-7 ® device in a patient with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation

Los dispositivos de asistencia circulatoria tipo oxigenación extracorpórea de membrana están indicados en casos de shock cardiogénico refractario al tratamiento convencional óptimo. La hemorragia es una grave complicación de dichos sistemas debido fundamentalmente a los trastornos de la coagulación provocados por la administración continua de heparina y a la disfunción plaquetaria. Los controles seriados de la coagulación y de la hemoglobina (Hb) son imprescindibles. Las mediciones de Hb se pueden realizar a través de gasometrías repetidas y más recientemente con un nuevo sensor espectrofotométrico, dispositivo Masimo Rainbow Radical-7®, que nos ofrece valores de Hb de forma continua y no invasiva. Presentamos el caso de un paciente sometido a cirugía cardíaca que requirió oxigenación extracorpórea de membrana por shock cardiogénico grave en el postoperatorio inmediato. Comparamos la correlación y el grado de concordancia respecto a los niveles de Hb cuantificados por 2 sistemas existentes en la práctica clínica. Nuestros resultados indican que el monitor espectrofotométrico Masimo® mostró valores de Hb equiparables estadísticamente, en correlación (r = 0,85; p < 0,01) y concordancia, a los obtenidos por gasometrías seriadas con el Analizador ABL800 FLEX® (longitud de onda). Ante estos resultados consideramos el dispositivo evaluado como una alternativa válida para el seguimiento continuo de la Hb y el control de la hemorragia en este tipo de pacientes (AU)

Circulatory assist devices such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation are indicated in cases of cardiogenic shock refractory to optimal conventional treatment. Bleeding is a serious complication of such systems, mainly due to coagulation disorders caused by continuous administration of heparin, as well as platelet dysfunction. Serial coagulation and hemoglobin (Hb) measurements are essential. Hb measurements can be performed through repeated arterial blood gasometry, and more recently with a new spectrophotometric sensor, Masimo Rainbow Radical-7® device, which gives Hb values continuously and non-invasively. We report a case of a patient undergoing cardiac surgery who required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe cardiogenic shock immediately after surgery. We compare the correlation and the level of agreement with Hb levels measured by 2 existing systems in clinical practice. Our results indicate that the Masimo® spectrophotometric monitor showed statistically comparable Hb values, in the correlation (r = .85; P < .01) and in agreement with those obtained by serial blood gas analyzer, ABL800 FLEX® (wavelength). In view of these results we consider the Masimo® device as a valid alternative for the continuous follow-up of the Hb and control of bleeding in these patients (AU)

[Evaluation of non-invasive hemoglobin measurements using the Masimo Rainbow Radical-7® device in a patient with extracorporeal membrane oxygenation]. / Evaluación de las mediciones de hemoglobina no invasiva con el dispositivo Masimo Rainbow Radical-7® en un paciente portador de oxigenación extracorpórea de membrana.

Circulatory assist devices such as extracorporeal membrane oxygenation are indicated in cases of cardiogenic shock refractory to optimal conventional treatment. Bleeding is a serious complication of such systems, mainly due to coagulation disorders caused by continuous administration of heparin, as well as platelet dysfunction. Serial coagulation and hemoglobin (Hb) measurements are essential. Hb measurements can be performed through repeated arterial blood gasometry, and more recently with a new spectrophotometric sensor, Masimo Rainbow Radical-7® device, which gives Hb values continuously and non-invasively. We report a case of a patient undergoing cardiac surgery who required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for severe cardiogenic shock immediately after surgery. We compare the correlation and the level of agreement with Hb levels measured by 2 existing systems in clinical practice. Our results indicate that the Masimo® spectrophotometric monitor showed statistically comparable Hb values, in the correlation (r=.85; P<.01) and in agreement with those obtained by serial blood gas analyzer, ABL800 FLEX® (wavelength). In view of these results we consider the Masimo® device as a valid alternative for the continuous follow-up of the Hb and control of bleeding in these patients.

Shock séptico secundario a artritis séptica de cadera por Staphylococcus aureus: tratamiento en la Unidad de Reanimación / Septic shock secondary due to Staphylococcus aureus-induced hip arthritis: treatment in the Recovery Unit

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Differences in early postoperative complications in elective and emergency heart transplantation.

INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVES: The immediate postoperative period is a critical phase in heart transplantation. Severe complications occur that may influence short-term and medium-term morbidity and mortality in these patients. The aim of this study was to analyze the incidence of severe complications in emergency and nonemergency transplantations. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We studied 152 patients who underwent heart transplantation between 2001 and 2007. Combined transplantations and retransplantations were excluded. Two groups were considered: emergency transplantations (36 patients, 24%) and elective transplantations. We compared survival and occurrence of infection, primary graft failure (PGF), renal and hepatic failure, respiratory complications, cardiac tamponade, arrhythmias, reoperation, and intensive care unit (ICU) stay. RESULTS: The emergency transplantation group had a greater number of ischemic patients, with a more prolonged cardiopulmonary bypass time, and a larger proportion of donors were women. Overall mortality in the intensive care unit was 2.6%, with no differences between groups. However, emergency procedures were significantly associated with a higher incidence of PGF, need for intraaortic balloon pump, and a more prolonged mechanical ventilation time, as well as a greater number of bacterial infections and a significantly longer ICU stay. CONCLUSIONS: In our series, emergency transplantation showed no greater perioperative mortality. We observed a greater number of severe complications, such as PGF, bacterial infection, and more prolonged mechanical ventilation time.