Systematic Review of Literature on Eating Disorders During Pregnancy-Risk and Consequences for Mother and Child.

Background: Eating disorders (ED) are a diagnostic category that includes several nosological units such as anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), or binge eating disorder (BED). This category most often concerns women, while the peak incidence falls on the reproductive age. Therefore the issue of ED during pregnancy is an interesting topic. Due to the creation of unrealistic ideal of "desired," slim figure both by the mass media and social media even during and right after gestation, more and more pregnant women introduce behaviours aimed at maintaining the "perfect" appearance. However in some cases it may have serious consequences for the health of both mother and child leading to the creation of the term "pregorexia" by the media to describe this issue. Aim: The aim of this paper was to conduct a systematic review of the literature dealing with eating disorders in pregnant women, with particular emphasis on pregorexia. Method: A systematic review of literature published within the last 5 years (2016-2021) in English or Polish and available through MEDLINE / PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library databases was conducted based on the previously assumed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results: Initially, 634 publications were obtained during the review, of which 55 papers were selected in the course of the title analysis. After further evaluation of abstracts, 28 papers were qualified for full text analysis. Ultimately, 10 papers were selected for the final analysis. Conclusions: The issue of ED in pregnant women is a broad topic covering a heterogeneous group of women-both those with a previous history and those with the onset during pregnancy. The occurrence of ED symptoms during this period is associated with a high likelihood of negative consequences for both the mother and the child. The course of pregnancies and deliveries in these patients is more complicated. Therefore, it seems reasonable to develop a multidisciplinary screening strategy and standards of management and supervision over this group of patients.

Orthorexia - current approach. A review. / Ortoreksja ­ aktualne ujecie problemu. Przeglad badan.

The aim of the study was to define orthorexia nervosa (ON) based on the latest scientific findings regarding incidence, groups and risk factors as well as relationships between ON and other clinical entities. The paper is based on the review of the MEDLINE/PubMed databases. Publications published between 2009 and 2019 were analyzed in terms of epidemiology, risk factors and formulation of the ON concept. ON is a clinical entity of an unclear origin and various authors have continued their discussion on the relation between ON and other groups of disorders (AN, BN, OCD, ASD). Epidemiological data vary and depending on a population present extreme values from anywhere between 1% and 90%. Risk factors are alternatively identified in various groups and authors are not unanimous as for the effect of determinants such as anthropometric and sociodemographic variables on the presence of ON symptoms. Presented findings are affected by the fact that there is a relatively small number of studied groups, they are not fully representative and applied tools are different: BOT, ORTO-15, EHQ, DOS. Since the nosological status of ON remains unclear and there are no standard and operationalized diagnostic criteria and reliable assessment tools, ON requires further study. Similarly, because it is still not known how to best treat ON - which is caused by ambiguities in the concept of the phenomenon itself - prevention and therapy programs, which are non-existent, should be developed (in risk groups in particular).

Differences in oxytocin and vasopressin levels in individuals suffering from the autism spectrum disorders vs general population - a systematic review.

INTRODUCTION: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by deficits in social interactions, communication, and the presence of stereotyped, repetitive behaviors. Oxytocin (OXT) and arginine-vasopressin are neuropeptides produced in hypothalamus and they are related to processing emotions and social behavior. In the light of a growing number of scientific reports related to this issue, the two neurohormones started to be linked with the basis of neurodevelopmental disorders, including the ASD. The aim of this study was a systematic review of previous studies regarding the differences in OXT and vasopressin levels in ASD and neurotypical persons. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Literature review focused on publications in the last 10 years located via the MEDLINE/PubMed database as well as the Google Scholar browser. Selection was made by assumptive criteria of inclusion and exclusion. RESULTS: From the 487 studies qualified to the initial abstract analysis, 12 met the six inclusion criteria and were included in the full-text review. CONCLUSION: Currently, available study reports still do not provide unequivocal answers as to the differences in concentrations of those neuropeptides between children with ASD and neurotypical control. Therefore, it is necessary to continue the research taking into account necessity of proper homogenization of study groups, utilization of objective and quantifiable tools for ASD diagnosis and broadening the range of biochemical and molecular factors analyzed.