[INTERSTITIAL CELLS OF CAJAL IN THE SMOOTH MUSCLE TISSUE OF THE GALLBLADDER AND BILE DUCTS].

Interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) in the gallbladder and in different parts of the biliary tract were identified in adult guinea pigs by means of immunocytochemical reactions to specific marker of these cells--C-kit receptor tyrosine kinase (CD117) and electron microscopic analysis. It was shown that C-kit-positive cells were localized in the muscular component of the gallbladder wall and the various parts of the bile ducts. In the gallbladder wall their density was higher than in the bile ducts. ICC have numerous processes, and are characterized by the absence of the components of the contractile apparatus. They possess the capacity to form tight membrane contacts with smooth myocytes.

[Adaptive transformation of rat myometrium with the progression of pregnancy and after parturition].

The myometrium of various parts of uterine wall was studied in 40 albino rats--non-pregnant animals, rats at different stages of pregnancy and after parturition. The methods of immunocytochemistry (detection of apoptotic cells with the help of antibodies against the tumor necrosis factor receptor), complex morphometic and cytochemical analysis of DNA content in the nuclei and of total protein in the cytoplasm of isolated smooth-myocytes (SM). The regularities of structural reconstruction of SM population in the uterine wall at various physiological periods were detected. The realization of basic mechanisms of myometrial transformation during the pregnancy, such as hyperplasia and hypertrophy are different in various uterine parts because of their specialized functional load. At the early stages of pregnancy, small SM were found to prevail in SM populations of all the uterine part, proliferative potential was increased. By the end of gestation, the fraction of large-sized SM was increased in the horns, the synthetic processes in the cytoplasm were activated, while the fraction of medium-sized SM was increased in the corpus and the cervix. The structure of SM population in the horns on Day 7 of postpartum involution was similar to that of non-pregnant rats, in the corpus and the cervix the increase of small SM number was observed.

[Reactive changes in the smooth muscle tissue of the rat small intestine during experimental intestinal obstruction].

Using light, electron microscopy and immunohistochemical methods, the reactive transformation of smooth muscle tissue (SMT) was studied in the intestinal wall during the development of acute partial high intestinal obstruction. The material of small intestine was taken from 10 male rats in both the zone of ligature application, and proximal and distal zones, 3 cm distant from the ligation zone. The results of the study demonstrate that in partial intestinal obstruction, the nature of structural and functional SMT transformation was variable depending upon differences in functional and destructive loads. During these changes, the remodeling of smooth myocyte population was shown to be one of the mechanisms of SMT adaptation to the changing conditions of functioning. Immunohistochemical analysis found no changes in the pattern of expression of marker and phenotypic proteins in the intestinal zones studied during the dynamics of an experiment.

[Mechanisms of the contractile activity control in smooth muscle cells].

A comparative analysis of the basal level of the cytoplasmic calcium concentration in the intact intestinal isolated smooth muscle cells (SMC) of different phenotypes and the dynamic changes of its concentration in the SMC during the stimulation of their contraction, was performed. In this study, the SMC were isolated from the proximal colon, using collagenase dissociation. Confocal and fluorescence microscopy with the fluorescent probes Fura-2AM, to study the concentration of Ca2+ and MitoTracker Red, to study the activity of mitochondria, were used. It was found that the different phenotypes of visceral SMC, despite some differences in the basal levels of the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration, were characterized by the similar calcium response during the contraction stimulation, which indicates the identity of the mechanisms triggering contractile activity in different types of SMC.

[Response mechanisms of the airway smooth muscle tissue in experimental bronchial spasm].

This investigation was aimed at the complex evaluation of the reactivity mechanisms of bronchial smooth muscle tissue (SMT) in experimental bronchial spasm. Morphometric, cytospectrophotometric and electron microscopical analysis demonstrated the presence of three types of smooth muscle cells (SMC) within the bronchial SMT (small, medium, large), that differed in their linear and metabolic parameters. The findings of this study indicate that under the conditions of experimental bronchial spasm development, the ratios of SMC in bronchial SMT are changed with the increase in proportion of small SMC and the elimination of large SMC. In the dynamics of experimental bronchial spasm development, the activation of cytoplasmic synthesis as well as of DNA synthesis was detected mainly in group of small SMC. The reactive-dystrophic changes were marked at the subcellular level, that were most often identified in large SMC resulting in their elimination from population in the dynamics of an experiment. The data obtained suggest that one of the important mechanisms of airway SMT adaptation to the bronchial spasm development is a dynamic reorganization of SMC population.

[Reactive transformation of human urinary smooth muscular tissue in some diseases (structural-metabolic aspects of organization)].

Smooth muscular tissue (SMT) of human urinary system was studied at different levels (renal pelvis, proximal and distal parts of the ureter) in health and some urological diseases (vesicoureteral reflux, ureteral obstruction). The method of target cell dissociation was used. The volume of myocytes, nuclei, nuclear-cytoplasmic correlation were calculated. Content of DNA and cytoplasmic protein was studied cytospectrophotometrically. Electron-microscopic study was also made. Three types of myocytes with different structural-metabolic parameters were detected. There were significant differences in mean volumes of myocytes, cytophotometric indices of SMT in different parts of the urinary tracts related to the pattern of these zones functioning. A comparative analysis of intact and affected SMT of the distal ureter demonstrated changes in the structure of leiomyocytes population, optic density of cytoplasmic protein and proliferative activity of myocytes which correlated depending on the kind and change of functional load.

[Organization of the muscular component of the lymphangion wall in different parts of the lymphatic bed].

Complex comparative analysis of the organization of smooth muscle (SM) forming the wall of lymphatic vessels in bovine small intestinal mesenterium was performed using the methods of morphometry, quantitative histochemistry (including the analysis of nuclear DNA content, and cytoplasmic protein content) and electron microscopy. SM cells (SMC) isolated by dissociation were studied and were found to possess various levels of differentiation, associated with specific morphometric and metabolic characteristics. The structure of SMC population was shown to vary in both different parts of lymphatic bed and within the wall of an individual lymphangion. The results obtained indicate the cellular heteromorphism of lymphatic bed SM. The peculiarities of SM organization in lymphatic vessels are functionally dependent and are determined not only by the level of SM representation in their wall but also by the proportions of different SMC types.

[Structural-functional organization of dark and light smooth myocytes in the musculature of visceral organs]. / Strukturno-funktsional'naia organizatsiia temnykh i svetlykh gladkikh miotsitov v sostave muskulatury vistseral'nykh organov.

Using electron microscopy, the smooth musculature of human and laboratory animal bronchi, intestine and ureters was found to contain smooth myocytes of light and dark types, which had the cytoplasm of different electron density. Both types of myocytes are characterized by a high degree of differentiation. The significant differences between light and dark myocytes were detected in the ultrastructural organization of their contractile elements. On the basis of data obtained, light and dark myocytes should be considered as mature cells in different phases of their functional activity. Some part of them, light myocytes, are in the state of "passive" contraction and may serve as a tissue functional reserve. Mutual transformation of light and dark myocytes seems to be possible and may be caused by functional requirements, which are realized at the level of tissue regulation.

[Ultrastructure of smooth myocytes of small extraorganic lymphatic vessels]. / Ul'trastrukturnaia organizatsiia gladkikh miotsitov melkikh vneorgannykh limfaticheskikh sosudov cheloveka.

Leiomyocytes in musculature of small extraorganic human lymphatics were studied by means of electron microscopic method. Organization of the precollector wall muscular component indicates heterogeneity of smooth myocytes population and specific character of intercellular communications which is probably determined by peculiarities of these lymphatic bed link. In smooth myocytes population "light" and "dark" cells and "synthetic" type leiomyocytes were found. A problem on the role of endothelium and leiomyocytes interaction in mechanisms of regulation of precollector musculature contraction is under discussion. It was suggested that small extraorganic lymph vessels with muscular component in their wall provide lymph flow while the zones with random or single muscular elements are more often connected with intercellular fluid absorption.

[Reactive restructuring of ureteral smooth muscle tissue during development of urinary vesico-ureteral reflux in children]. / Reaktivnaia perestroika gladkoi myshechnoi tkani mochetochnika pri razvitii puzyrno-mochetochnikovogo refliuksa u detei.

By means of target cell dissociation we studied the cells of smooth muscle tissue from the wall of intact ureter in children in the course of compensatory-adaptive reactions in the vesico-ureteral reflux. Three types of ureteral myocytes differing by structural-metabolic parameters are distinguished. A comparative analysis of the intact and reactively altered ureteral smooth muscle tissue has revealed changes in the population structure manifesting with high optic density of DNA from myocytic nuclei and high activity of synthetic processes in the cytoplasm.

[The smooth musculature of the human bronchi (the structural-metabolic and ultrastructural organizational aspects)]. / Gladkaia muskulatura bronkhov cheloveka (aspekty strukturno-metabolicheskoi i ul'trastrukturnoi organizatsii).

Comparative study of smooth myocytes in muscular tissue of different order bronchi was carried out by means of complex of electron microscopic, cytophotometric and morphometric methods. Significant difference between the volume of myocytes in major, medium and small bronchi was found. As bronchial diameter reduces the structure of smooth myocyte population changes which is accompanied by decrease of proportion of large myocytes and growth of small myocyte number. The presence of young forms of myoblastic differon in muscular tissue of small bronchi is considered in the aspect of their high functional and adaptive properties.

[Morphofunctional characteristics of pacemakers in smooth muscular tissue]. / Morfofunktsional'naia kharakteristika peismekerov v gladkoi myshechnoi tkani.

Cellular elements different from contractile smooth myocytes in ultrastructure are incorporated into human smooth muscular tissue of large intestine and airways. Several types of these cells characterized by individual ultrastructural organization were identified. All of them form membranous connections between one another, with smooth myocytes and nerve endings. Their relation to interstitial Cajal cells responsible for regulation of smooth musculature functional activity is discussed.

[Reactive restructuring of smooth muscle tissue in response to large fraction irradiation of rectal cancer]. / Reaktivnaia perestroika gladkoi myshechnoi tkani pri primenenii krupnofraktsionnogo oblucheniia raka priamoi kishki.

Rectum smooth muscles of 19 patients were studied after presurgical irradiation. A comparative analysis of isolated smooth myocytes from various areas of resected intestine was performed morphometrically and cytophotometrically. Suppression of proliferative activity and protein synthesis, elimination of large myocytes were observed in the foci of intensive irradiation. Smooth myocytes in the margin zones retain structure, proliferative potential and cytoplasmatic protein content this allowing to consider smooth muscles of these zones to be able for complete reparative regeneration. Electron microscopy confirmed the structural alteration observed.

[A comparative density gradient analysis of the smooth myocytes of different internal organs]. / Sravnitel'nyi analiz gradienta plotnosti gladkikh miotsitov razlichnykh vnutrennikh organov.

Method of the bronchi and colon smooth myocytes dissociation in living rats with separation of cell fraction in the density gradient is worked out. Precise parameters of relative density of the bronchi and colon muscle cells are established. Smooth myocytes being a part of different organ-systems are shown to be characterized by different parameters of relative density.

[Morphometric and ultrastructural characterization of the bronchial smooth musculature in experimental bronchospasm]. / Morfometricheskaia i ultrastrukturnaia kharakteristika gladkoi muskulatury bronkhov pri éksperimental'nom bronkhospazme.

A new technique was used in experimental bronchospasm model on 30 guinea pigs: spot alkaline dissociation of bronchial smooth myocytes. No pronounced smooth muscle hypertrophy occurred within 50 days but the number of myocytes with contractures increased as well as proliferative activity and hyperplasia of myocytes, degeneration of large myocytes and restructuring of myocyte population.

[The smooth muscle tissue of the bronchi (histogenetic characteristics)]. / Gladkaia myshechnaia tkan' bronkhov (osobennosti gistogeneza).

Formation of bronchial smooth muscular tissue was studied in embryos, newborns and mature rats using electron microscopy, cellular dissociation, morphometry and cytophotometry. Ultrastructural and morphometrical characteristics was given for developing and mature smooth myocytes. Growth of heteromorphy was demonstrated in bronchial wall smooth myocytes in postnatal histogenesis. This allowed to distinguish subpopulations of small, medium and large cells that vary in linear parameters, nuclear-cytoplasmic ratio, nuclear ploidy and amount of summary proteins. These data allow to discuss definitive smooth muscular tissue of bronchi as an integrative differon.

[The structure of a population of smooth myocytes (aspects of the intraorganic organization of smooth muscle tissue)]. / Stroenie populiatsii gladkikh miotsitov (aspekty vnutriorgannoi organizatsii gladkoi myshechnoi tkani).

Comparative analysis of smooth muscular tissue of bronchi and of rectal pelvic region was performed using electron microscopic and cytophotometric methods. Smooth myocyte population of organs studied were demonstrated to include three cell types: small, medium and large ones. The population structure of smooth muscular tissue has similar pattern in bronchi and intestine, despite the established statistically significant diversity in their smooth myocyte volumetric parameters. Small smooth myocyte subpopulation was found to contain the cells considered to be smooth muscular tissue cambial elements by their ultrastructural and cytophotometrical characteristics.

[Vimentin expression during the differentiation of smooth myocytes of the bronchial wall in developing lungs]. / Ekspressiia vimentina pri differentsirovke gladkikh miotsitov stenki bronkhov razvivaiushchikhsia legkikh.

Dynamics of vimentine synthesis and intensity of DNA synthesis in cells of myoblastic differon and epitheliocytes were analysed in developing lungs by means of immunocytochemistry. Monoclonal antibodies (MCA) reaction to vimentine with different cell structures alters in the course of prenatal ontogenesis. Granular type of the reaction, turning into the diffuse one was described on the early stages of differentiation. Expression of vimentine grows smaller in the course of differentiation in all the cell groups. The reaction was not in fact observed in definitive smooth myocytes. The process of the reduction of the MCA reaction intensity goes along with the DNA synthesis decrease in the cells described.

[The structural and metabolic characteristics of bronchial smooth myocytes in thanatogenesis]. / Strukturno-metabolicheskaia kharakteristika gladkikh miotsitov bronkhov v tanatogeneze.

The present research was aimed to study the dynamics of changes of bronchial smooth myocytes morphometric and cytospectrophotometric indexes in thanatogenesis. Selected dissociation of albino outbred rat bronchial smooth myocytes was performed right after animals were killed (3, 6, 12, 24 and 48 hrs). Smears of the dissociated myocytes, stained after Feulgen to be revealed on DNA and of amid black stained general protein were examined by scanning cytospectrophotometer. Morphometric parameters of nucleus and cytoplasm were determined simultaneously. Continuous decrease of optical density of summary protein and DNA, corresponding with data from literature was found. Volume of myocyte cytoplasm significantly grows smaller within first 12 postmortem hrs, which results from population structure alteration due to elimination of cells with basically large cytoplasmic volume. Thus not only dynamics of cytochemical and linear parameters changes in cells should be taken into consideration in postmortem histological analysis of the lung material but also the changes of cell population structure.