Pro-lactation cesarean section: Immediate skin-to-skin contact and its influence on prolonged breastfeeding.

Mexico has a high rate of cesarean sections and one of the lowest prevalences of exclusive breastfeeding in all of Latin America. There are known factors that can compensate for the disadvantages and drawbacks of cesarean delivery over breastfeeding. In terms of studying the variations of breastfeeding experiences, this work specifically concentrates on exploring different changes in the technique of cesarean section, related to immediate Skin-to-Skin Contact for women with high and low risk pregnancies, which may in turn influence Maternal Satisfaction and the choice of Prolonged Breastfeeding. A convenience sample of (n = 150) women who underwent cesarean section in a private hospital in Mexico between the years 2015-2020 participated in this study, the participants answered a structured interview protocol designed for the specific purposes of this study. The analysis was guided grounded theory. The majority of these participants (n = 121, 82.3%) were in labor before entering a cesarean section. The most common indications for cesarean section were those of active-phase arrest and regarding maternal complications, previous cesarean sections (n = 59) and hypertensive complications (n = 15) were the most frequent. For fetal complications, non-cephalic fetal positions (n = 12) were reported as the most common. Despite the different conditions of their cesarean sections, almost all the women experienced Skin-to-Skin Contact during the cesarean section. Almost all of them managed to breastfeed for more than 6 months and many of them breastfed their babies for up to 2 years. The main factors associated to prolonged breastfeeding and satisfaction were higher education degrees, immediate skin-to-skin contact during surgery and counseling on breastfeeding after the baby was born. Our findings highlight the importance of considering adjustments during and after a cesarean section, making it more focused on women and toward better probabilities of achieving prolonged breastfeeding in Mexican women. This being a first step for future studies of direct interventions in the breastfeeding process, such as the management of skin-to-skin contact and professional support after birth for guided breastfeeding.

[Fatty liver in pregnancy. A report of two cases and medical literature review]. / Hígado graso del embarazo. Exposición de dos casos y revisión de la literatura médica.

Acute fatty liver of pregnancy is an uncommon and potentially fatal disorder usually found in the third trimester of pregnancy and the early days postpartum. It is characterized by a micro vesicular stheatosis of the liver, which is reversible with complete regression of the disease. We present two clinical cases, in the first one the patient developed encephalopathy and hypoglycemia in her third day post cesarean section; the patient underwent surgical exploration because of a subaponeurotic hematoma and the diagnosis was confirmed by liver biopsy. The patient presented spontaneous resolution of the disease and was discharged home on her 21st day after delivery. The second case was a patient on her 37th week of pregnancy that arrived to the emergency room complaining of malaise, nausea and vomit, her laboratory analyses were remarkable hypoglycemia and hyperbilirubinemia. She underwent elective pregnancy termination with a favorable maternal and fetal outcome towards spontaneous resolution. It is critical to diagnose and treat this disease in a expedite manner in order to have a favorable maternal and fetal outcome. The mortality rate has decreased dramatically from 80% in 1965 to 100% survival in 1999 according to the latest reviews. This regression of the symptoms and signs along with normalization of the laboratory values has driven some authors to call this disease as the "reversible peripartum liver failure".

[Spontaneous hepatic rupture of pregnancy. A report of four cases and medical literature review]. / Rotura hepática espontánea durante el embarazo. Serie de cuatro casos y revisión de la literatura médica.

The spontaneous liver rupture associated with preeclampsia is a potential life threatening condition that requires a multidisciplinary team approach. There are near 200 cases reported in the world literature. This paper presents four cases of liver rupture associated with preeclampsia, three of which were consecutive with only two days apart, describing the clinical features and the therapeutic approaches. We also discussed about the mortality, which occurred in one of our cases, and perinatal mortality that affected one newborn and another one had neonatal encephalopathy secuelae. Three of the cases were managed in a surgical manner, one of them also with selective hepatic artery embolization meanwhile another one received conservative management. It is important to suspect this pathology in the preeclamptic patient, especially if she develops HELLP syndrome, in order to establish opportune diagnosis and treatment with a team including the intensive care, surgery and obstetrical staff.