Mechanism of collagen biosynthesis up-regulation in cultured leiomyoma cells.

Uterine leiomyoma is the most common tumour in women with a reported incidence of 25-30%. The tumors are benign, composed of smooth muscle cells with variable amount of collagen - rich fibrous tissue. It is well established that accumulation of extracellular matrix in leiomyoma is key feature of tissue fibrosis. However, the pathogenesis of leiomyoma is still unclear. The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolism of collagen in cultured leiomyoma cells and in control myometrium cells. The effect of estradiol, selective modulators of estrogen receptors (raloxifene, tamoxifen) and estrogen receptor down regulator (ICI 182.780) on collagen biosynthesis (measured by 5-[3H]-proline incorporation assay and measurement of prolidase activity) and collagen degradation (measured by metalloproteinase activity assay) was studied. It was found that collagen biosynthesis is strongly stimulated by low doses of estradiol (5 nM) in leiomyoma cells while it is not changed in control myometrium cells. An increase in estradiol concentration to 10 nM results in drastic decrease of this process both in leiomyoma as well as control cells. Although raloxifene and tamoxifen only slightly affected collagen biosynthesis in control myometrium cells, they significantly inhibited the process in leiomyoma cells. There was no coordinate correlation between collagen biosysignificantly inhibited the process in leiomyoma cells. There was no coordinate correlation between collagen biosynthesis and prolidase activity suggesting that regulation of this process may take place at transcriptional level. Both estrogen and SERMs were found to inhibit MMP-2 in leiomyoma as well as in control myometrium cells. The data suggest that stimulatory action of estrogen on collagen biosynthesis and inhibitory effect on MMP-2 activity in uterine leiomyoma may contribute to accumulation of this protein in ECM of this tissue.

[Health of children born after the infertility treatment with Assisted Reproduction Technology]. / Zdrowie dzieci z ciaz po leczeniu technikami rozrodu wspomaganego medycznie.

Since the birth of Louise Brown in July 1978 and the birth of the first intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) child in January 1992 many couples with female-factor or male-factor infertility can be helped to overcome their infertility resulting in a delivery and birth of a child. Over a million children have been born from assisted conception worldwide. Newer techniques being introduced appear less and less 'natural', such as intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), but there is little information on these children beyond the neonatal period. This risk varied according to the patient's age, the type of ART procedure performed, the number of embryos transferred, and embryo availability. ART is associated with low increase risk of congenital malformations, major birth defects and genetic and imprinting disorders.

[Angiogenesis in the female reproductive processes]. / Angiogeneza w procesach rozrodczych u kobiety.

Angiogenesis or the formation of new vessels out of pre-existing capillaries is a sequence of events that is fundamental to physiology of the female reproductive tract and also pathologic processes such as ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. Many factors include vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), angiopoietins and others involved in the regulation of angiogenesis have been identified. There are some endocrine control mechanisms, which stimulate or inhibit the angiogenesis. The studies indicate that the normal processes of folliculogenesis, ovulation and corpus luteum function in the ovary and the control of menstruation and implantation in the endometrium are profoundly dependent on the angiogenesis. The rapid, controlled and cyclical nature of angiogenesis in the female reproductive tract suggests that interference with this process should provide a novel approach to manipulation of reproductive function.

Cystic fibrosis as a cause of infertility.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is one of the autosomal recessive diseases, caused by mutations in a gene known as cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator (CFTR). The majority of adult males with CF (99%) is characterized by congenital bilateral absence of vas deferens (CBAVD). CBAVD is encountered in 1-2% of infertile males without CF. Females with CF are found to be less fertile than normal healthy women. In females with CF, delayed puberty and amenorrhoea are common due to malnutrition. CFTR mutations are also associated with congenital absence of the uterus and vagina (CAUV). The National Institutes of Health recommend genetic counseling for any couple seeking assisted reproductive techniques with a CF male or obstructive azoospermia which is positive for a CF mutation.