Correction: Social vulnerability during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001330.].

Social vulnerability during the COVID-19 pandemic in Peru.

The COVID-19 pandemic has demanded governments and diverse organizations to work on strategies to prepare and help communities. Increasing recognition of the importance of identifying vulnerable populations has raised a demand for better tools. One of these tools is the Social Vulnerability Index (SVI). The SVI was created in 2011 to identify and plan assistance for socially vulnerable populations during hazardous events, by providing disaster management personnel information to target specific areas. We aimed to evaluate and determine the social vulnerability in different provinces and districts of Peru in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic using an adapted version of the SVI index. Ecological, observational, and cross-sectional study was conducted. We adapted the SVI and collected indicators related to COVID-19. We organized and analyzed the population data of the 196 provinces of Peru, using data from government institutions. We found a distribution of high and very high SVI in the mountainous areas of Peru. High and very high social vulnerability indexes, due to the presence of some or all the variables were predominantly distributed in the provinces located in the southern and highlands of the country. The association between mortality rate and social SVI-COVID19 was inverse, the higher the vulnerability, the lower the mortality. Our results identify that the provinces with high and very high vulnerability indexes are mostly located in rural areas nearby the Andes Mountains, not having a direct correlation with COVID-19 mortality.

Frequency of Internet addiction and development of social skills in adolescents in an urban area of Lima. / Frecuencia de adicción a internet y desarrollo de habilidades sociales en adolescentes de una localidad urbana de Lima.

OBJECTIVES: To determine the frequency of Internet addiction and its relationship with the development of social skills in adolescents in the town of Condevilla, district of San Martin de Porres, Lima - Peru. METHODS: The degree of social skills and level of internet use was evaluated in adolescents from 10 to 19 years of 5th to 11th grades in two secondary schools in the town of Condevilla. Classrooms were randomly selected, and the questionnaires were applied to all adolescents. Two questionnaires were applied: Scale for Internet Addiction of Lima to determine the extent of Internet use, and the Social Skills Test from the Ministry of Health of Peru, which evaluates self-esteem, assertiveness, communication and decision-making. The analyses by Chi2 test and Fisher's exact test, as well as a generalized linear model (GLM) were performed using the binomial family. RESULTS: Both questionnaires were applied to 179 adolescents, of whom 49.2% were male. The main age was 13 years, 78.8% of which were in secondary school. Internet addiction was found in 12.9% of respondents, of whom the majority were male (78.3%, p = 0.003) and had a higher prevalence of low social skills (21.7%, p = 0.45). In multivariate analysis, the independent factors associated with Internet addiction were gender (p = 0.016) and to have low social skills compared to high social skills (p = 0.004). CONCLUSIONS: In adolescents, there is a relationship between internet addiction and low social skills, among which the area of communication is statistically significant.

OBJETIVOS: Determinar la frecuencia de adicción a internet y su relación con el grado de desarrollo de habilidades sociales en adolescentes en la localidad de Condevilla, distrito de San Martín de Porres, Lima, Perú. MÉTODOS: Se evaluó el grado de habilidades sociales y grado de uso de internet en adolescentes de 10 a 19 años, de quinto de primaria a tercero de secundaria de los dos colegios estatales de la localidad de Condevilla. Se escogieron aulas al azar y se aplicó el cuestionario a todos los adolescentes presentes. Las encuestas utilizadas fueron Escala de Adicción a Internet de Lima para determinar el grado de adicción a internet y el Test de Habilidades Sociales del Ministerio de Salud de Perú, en el cual se evaluaron autoestima, asertividad, comunicación y toma de decisiones. El análisis se realizó mediante la prueba de Chi-cuadrado y la prueba exacta de Fisher. Además, se empleó un modelo lineal generalizado, utilizando la familia binomial y el link log para determinar las razones de prevalencias. RESULTADOS: Se aplicaron ambos cuestionarios a 179 adolescentes, de los cuales 49,2% eran varones. La mediana de la edad fue 13 años y 78,8% se encontraban en educación secundaria. Se encontró adicción a internet en 12,9% de los casos, la mayoría del sexo masculino (78,3%, p=0,003). En el análisis multivariado, los factores independientes asociados con la adicción a internet fueron sexo masculino (p=0,016) y tener bajas habilidades sociales, en comparación a altas habilidades sociales (p=0,004). CONCLUSIONES: En adolescentes varones, existe relación entre adicción a internet y habilidades sociales bajas, dentro de las cuales resulta estadísticamente significativa en el área de comunicación.

Attitudes, perceptions and awareness concerning quaternary prevention among family doctors working in the Social Security System, Peru: a cross-sectional descriptive study.

BACKGROUND: Quaternary Prevention is defined as the action taken to identify patients at risk of overtreatment, to protect them from additional medical treatments, and to suggest interventions that are ethically acceptable. Many countries and organizations have joined in the efforts to practice quaternary prevention. These countries started a campaign called Choosing Wisely that implements recommendations in order to avoid harming patients. OBJECTIVE: To determine the attitudes, perceptions and awareness towards Quaternary Prevention and the practice of “Choosing Wisely Canada Recommendations” among family doctors working in the Social Security System in Peru. METHODS: A questionnaire was developed after reviewing the literature and contacting experts in the field and was sent by email to all 64 family physicians in the Social Security System (Essalud) in Lima Peru. Responses were received from 40 participants. RESULTS: The response rate was 64%. Approximately 95% reported that they understand the concept of quaternary prevention. Agreement with all the recommendations was 90% or higher. In most of the recommendations the applicability was more than 80%. The most important barriers perceived for the practice of Quaternary Prevention were patients’ expectations (33%). CONCLUSIONS: There are positive perceptions towards Quaternary Preventions and Choosing Wisely recommendations in the family doctors of social security in Lima Peru.

INTRODUCCIÓN: La prevención cuaternaria se define como la acción llevada a cabo para identificar pacientes en riesgo de sobretratamiento, a fin de protegerlos de una nueva intervención médica y para recomendar intervenciones que son éticamente aceptables. Muchos países y organizaciones han unido esfuerzos para la práctica de la prevención cuaternaria. Estos países iniciaron una campaña llamada Choosing Wisely, que implementa recomendaciones para evitar hacer daño a los pacientes. OBJETIVO: Determinar las actitudes, percepciones y preocupaciones hacia la prevención cuaternaria y la práctica de las recomendaciones Choosing Wisely Canadá entre médicos de familia que trabajan en el Seguro Social del Perú. MÉTODOS: Se desarrolló un cuestionario después de revisar la literatura y consultar expertos en el tema. Éste fue enviado por correo electrónico a todos los médicos de familia (64) del Seguro Social del Perú (EsSalud) en Lima, Perú. Se recibieron respuestas de 40 participantes. RESULTADOS: La tasa de respuesta fue del 64%. Aproximadamente, 95% reportó que comprende el concepto de prevención cuaternaria. La concordancia con las recomendaciones fue del 90% o superior. En la mayoría de las recomendaciones, la aplicabilidad fue mayor del 80%. La barrera percibida como más importante para la práctica de prevención cuaternaria fue la expectativa de los pacientes (33%). CONCLUSIONES: Existen percepciones positivas hacia la prevención cuaternaria y las recomendaciones Choosing Wisely entre los médicos de familia de la Seguridad Social del Perú.