Change detection for Lake Burullus, Egypt using remote sensing and GIS approaches.

Lake Burullus is the second largest natural coastal lake in Egypt. It has an economic importance for fish yield. However, several anthropogenic activities such as industrial, agriculture, and reclamation activities lead to a deterioration of its water quality and a decrease of the water body area of the lake. This study aims to detect the spatiotemporal changes of Lake Burullus in the period 1972-2015 using 12 Landsat {(1,3-MSS), (4,5-TM), and (7-ETM+)} imageries and water indices approach. To extract water feature from imageries, the Normalized Difference Water Index (NDWI) and the Water Ratio Index (WRI) were applied. The NDWI was applied to the MSS imageries. For other TM and ETM+ imageries, the WRI was applied. Obtained results show a significant decrease in the water area of the Lake Burullus, where it lost about (49%) of its surface area during the period from the year 1972 to the year 2015. A rapid decrease in the lake surface area was noticed through the period from 1972 to 1984. A prediction model was built depending on the calculated water area of the lake. Finally, the multi-temporal maps of the lake surface area are overlaid to produce a map for the changes of the lake surface area using Geographic Information System (GIS).

Management of a ruptured pseudoaneurysm of common hepatic artery following pancreaticoduodenectomy.

Postoperative pseudoaneurysm formation is one of the most feared complications of pancreatic leak following pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD). Surgical repair may be compromised due to a persistent enzymatic insult on the repaired vessel; therefore, preventive measures should be adopted. We report a case of ruptured hepatic artery pseudoaneurysm occurring 12 days following PD in a patient with a postoperative pancreatic fistula. Emergency surgery revealed that the pseudoaneurysm was situated at the point of surgical transfixation of the gastroduodenal artery. The pseudoaneurysm was successfully managed by under-running of the bleeding point combined with the direct application of hemostatic products to the bleeding surface (TachoSil and Tisseel) to act as a barrier from the pancreatic secretions.