Investigation of an Mpox Outbreak Affecting Many Vaccinated Persons in Chicago, Illinois-March 2023-June 2023.

BACKGROUND: After months of few mpox cases, an increase in cases was reported in Chicago during May 2023, predominantly among fully vaccinated (FV) patients. We investigated the outbreak scope, differences between vaccinated and unvaccinated patients, and hypotheses for monkeypox virus (MPXV) infection after vaccination. METHODS: We interviewed patients and reviewed medical records to assess demographic, behavioral, and clinical characteristics; mpox vaccine status; and vaccine administration routes. We evaluated serum antibody levels after infection and compared patient viral genomes with MPXV sequences in available databases. We discussed potential vaccine compromise with partners who manufactured, handled, and administered the vaccine associated with breakthrough infections. RESULTS: During 18 March-27 June 2023, we identified 49 mpox cases; 57% of these mpox patients were FV. FV patients received both JYNNEOS doses subcutaneously (57%), intradermally (7%), or via heterologous administration (36%). FV patients had more median sex partners (3; interquartile range [IQR] = 1-4) versus not fully vaccinated patients (1; IQR = 1-2). Thirty-six of 37 sequenced specimens belonged to lineage B.1.20 of clade IIb MPXV, which did not demonstrate any amino acid changes relative to B.1, the predominant lineage from May 2022. Vaccinated patients demonstrated expected humoral antibody responses; none were hospitalized. No vaccine storage excursions were identified. Approximately 63% of people at risk for mpox in Chicago were FV during this period. CONCLUSIONS: Our investigation indicated that cases were likely due to frequent behaviors associated with mpox transmission, even with relatively high vaccine effectiveness and vaccine coverage. Cases after vaccination might occur in similar populations.

Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections among recipients of tixagevimab-cilgavimab prophylaxis: A citywide real-world effectiveness study.

There are limited real-world data on the effectiveness of tixagevimab-cilgavimab as pre-exposure prophylaxis of COVID-19. We describe lessons learned when coordinating data collection and identifying breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections among patients across indications and institutions in a major US city. The Chicago Department of Public Health requested patient-level tixagevimab-cilgavimab administration data from all prescribing providers in Chicago, for treatments December 8, 2021 through June 30, 2022. Records were matched to COVID-19 vaccinations and laboratory-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infections through December 31, 2022. Due to difficulty collecting data from all providers, targeted follow-up was conducted to improve completeness on key variables (demographics, vaccination status, clinical indication for prophylaxis). Over half of reported tixagevimab-cilgavimab administrations were to patients residing outside Chicago. Five hundred forty-four Chicago residents who received at least one dose of tixagevimab-cilgavimab were included in this analysis. Most were age 50 years or older (72%), Black non-Latinx (33%) or White non-Latinx (29%), and fully vaccinated (80%). Seventy-five patients (14%) had laboratory-confirmed COVID-19. Patients with and without breakthrough infections were demographically similar. Clinical indication was missing for >95% of cases, improved to 64% after follow-up; the most frequently specified was hematologic malignancy (10%). Severe outcomes were uncommon: 16% had documented COVID-19-related hospitalizations, one death was identified. Tixagevimab-cilgavimab recipients in Chicago had a lower rate of severe SARS-CoV-2 infection than reported among other untreated high-risk patients, including during predominance of non-neutralizing variants. Improving stakeholder collaboration is essential for generation of real-world effectiveness data, informing pandemic preparedness and optimizing use of medical countermeasures.

Postvaccination SARS-CoV-2 Infections Among Skilled Nursing Facility Residents and Staff Members - Chicago, Illinois, December 2020-March 2021.

Early studies suggest that COVID-19 vaccines protect against severe illness (1); however, postvaccination SARS-CoV-2 infections (i.e., breakthrough infections) can occur because COVID-19 vaccines do not offer 100% protection (2,3). Data evaluating the occurrence of breakthrough infections and impact of vaccination in decreasing transmission in congregate settings are limited. Skilled nursing facility (SNF) residents and staff members have been disproportionately affected by SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes COVID-19 (4,5), and were prioritized for COVID-19 vaccination (6,7). Starting December 28, 2020, all 78 Chicago-based SNFs began COVID-19 vaccination clinics over several weeks through the federal Pharmacy Partnership for Long-Term Care Program (PPP).† In February 2021, through routine screening, the Chicago Department of Public Health (CDPH) identified a SARS-CoV-2 infection in a SNF resident >14 days after receipt of the second dose of a two-dose COVID-19 vaccination series. SARS-CoV-2 cases, vaccination status, and possible vaccine breakthrough infections were identified by matching facility reports with state case and vaccination registries. Among 627 persons with SARS-CoV-2 infection across 75 SNFs since vaccination clinics began, 22 SARS-CoV-2 infections were identified among 12 residents and 10 staff members across 15 facilities ≥14 days after receiving their second vaccine dose (i.e., breakthrough infections in fully vaccinated persons). Nearly two thirds (14 of 22; 64%) of persons with breakthrough infections were asymptomatic; two residents were hospitalized because of COVID-19, and one died. No facility-associated secondary transmission occurred. Although few SARS-CoV-2 infections in fully vaccinated persons were observed, these cases demonstrate the need for SNFs to follow recommended routine infection prevention and control practices and promote high vaccination coverage among SNF residents and staff members.

The role of teleconferences in global public health education.

This paper presents a global health education program using a 'Teleconference' approach. It provides examples of how technology can be used to deliver health education at the international level. Two international teleconferences about public health issues were conducted in 2013 and 2014 involving universities and public health institutions in Colombia, Dominican Republic, Costa Rica, Uganda, and the United States. More than 400 students, faculty, and community members attended these educational events. These teleconferences served as the medium to unite countries despite the geographical distances and to facilitate collaborations and networking across nations. Teleconferences are an example of effective technology-based health education and health promotion programs.